314 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 



C. In centers of pellagra infection whole families are at- 

 tacked at times simultaneously. 



D. In nonpellagrous districts the disease never spreads to 

 others with the advent of a pellagrin from a pellagrous district. 



E. In the case of a family which has removed from a pel- 

 lagrous to a nonpellagrous district, the children bom in the 

 former district are pellagrins, while the children born subse- 

 quent to removal to a nonpellagrous district do not develop 

 the disease. 



F. The disease is not hereditary, although infants a few 

 months old may become infected, especially if taken to the 

 fields in pellagrous districts, where their mothers work during 

 the season when sand flies are in evidence. 



G. Pellagra* is not contagious but is transmitted to each 

 individual by an infected sand fly.^ 



In Kansas the latter part of July, 1911, the first authentic 

 cases, those of a mother and child, were diagnosed by Dr. E. E. 

 Liggett, of Oswego, the attending physician. Dean Crumbine, 

 of the medical school of the University of Kansas and secretary 

 of the State Board of Health, expressed an earnest desire to 

 have the presence of the sand fly ascertained for that locality. 

 Accordingly the author began, on August 1, a survey of the 

 region. The streams were high and muddy from recent rains, 

 so that adults were first sought. An extended opportunity 

 which I enjoyed for study of this insect some years ago in the 

 Mississippi valley, between Keokuk and Fort Madison, Iowa, 

 rendered familiar the workings of the adult females on horses, 

 especially young colts, on which after warm rains the attacks 

 were so numerous and severe as to denude the animals' ears 

 and throats, exposing patches of raw flesh. 



At the beginning of this investigation there was only one 

 Simulium in the University collection recorded from Kan- 

 sas. The investigation then from the beginning has been 

 prosecuted along three lines: (1) The survey on the distribu- 

 tion of the sand flies in Kansas ; (2) a detailed investigation of 

 their life habits and conditions under which they exist in 

 Kansas; (3) their biting and feeding habits and the possibili- 

 ties of inoculation. 



The first two lines have been treated in the following paper 

 (No. 9) by my graduate student, Mr. W. T. Emery, who h;is 

 been my assistant throughout these experiments. The third 



1. Sand-fly Transmission of Pellagra, The Journal A. M. A., Nov. 26, 1910, p. 1898. 



