3G6 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 



morphological study of the adult has been made with the ex- 

 ception of one paper by F. H. Taylor, 1902, on the "Tracheal 

 System of Simidinm," and studies of the mouth structures by 

 Smith, Meinert and MacCloskie. 



A number of writers have studied the larvse and pupse in 

 connection with some general problems dealing with a group 

 of related forms. Thus Osten Sachen, '70, made a study of the 

 transformations of Si»udin»i species, and Packard, '72, in his 

 "Embryological Studies on Hexapodous Insects" studied the 

 development of Siniulium. Kellogg and Vaney (1901) used 

 the Simtdinm along with Chironomids and like forms in their 

 study of "Phagocytosis in the Postembryonic Development of 

 Diptera." Vaney (1902) continuing his studies of the fat 

 bodies examined sand flies and other inferior Diptera as he 

 calls them (Culex, Chironomids, etc.). Weismann in studying 

 imaginal buds referred to .S. sericea, and Miall (1900) in his 

 researches on the respiratory appendages of pupse figures a 

 Simvlium sp. Headlee, '06, made a study of the blood gills of 

 the larva of S. pictipes, and Dutt in an unpublished article 

 at Cornell recorded his work upon the silk glands of SimuUum 

 larvse. So scattered and fragmentary has been the morpho- 

 logical work upon this important insect pest that it has been 

 the desire of the writer to make a careful study of this form 

 in all its stages. However, it is the purpose of this paper to 

 present but briefly the more salient facts regarding the anat- 

 omy of the adult female fly. 



TAXONOMIC POSITION AND DESCRIPTION OF FORM STUDIED. 



Simulium vittatnm is a small, compactly built fly belonging 

 to the family "Simuliidse." 



The Simuliid^ are known in the vernacular as "turkey 

 gnats," "buffalo gnats," "black flies," and "sand flies." They 

 are related in a general way to the mosquitoes, crane flies, 

 fungus gnats, and punkies, but may be readily distinguished 

 from them by their general stoutness of body and broadness 

 of wing. The legs of the mosquitoes and of most gnats are 

 long and rather slender, but those of the sand flies are short 

 and stout. Their general form is so characteristic that they 

 are easily recognized. They possess very broad wings. Their 

 bodies are short and the thorax so much arched that they ap- 

 pear, as Johannsen expresses it "humpbacked." (See Fig. 1, 

 Plate XLIII.) 



