378 KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. 
the surface as now, the ice should have gone 70 miles farther 
in that direction. 
Now, if ice may be used roughly in this way as a level, as 
seems reasonable, it affords evidence that since the Kansan 
epoch there has been a sinking of the Mississippi region, or a 
rise of the Kansan, or both. That the first is in a measure true 
seems attested by the fact that the trough of the Mississippi 
from St. Paul to Quincy, Ill., is 100 to 150 feet deeper than is 
demanded by the level of the present stream. Professor Calvin 
called attention to this fact in his paper in the Proceedings of 
the Iowa Academy of Sciences, volume 14, page 213. Bedrock 
is from 150 to 220 feet below low water when the depth ade- 
quate for the present stream is only 50 or 60 feet. 
Another evidence of the same movement is found in the 
strong easterly trend of the Iowan ice sheet in eastern Iowa 
as compared with that of the Kansan there. 
This, however, is not enough to fully explain the facts. That 
there has also been a rise of the Kansan side seems probable, 
not locally, but in the general westward elevation of the plains. 
Formerly, when the deposits of the plains were thought to be 
of lacustrine origin, it was common to speak of the Pleistocene 
elevation of the Rocky Mountains. The Fluviatile theory has 
relieved the necessity for that view; but may there not have 
been some movement of that sort? 
An argument in favor of this is found in the fact that quite 
generally along the Kansas streams and the Missouri river 
in this latitude there is abundant evidence that the drainage 
was 85 to 100 feet higher than now. The preglacial channel of 
the Kansas river at Manhattan was about 100 feet higher than 
that of the present channel. It was a little lower at Topeka, 
while at Lawrence a terrace of later date is well developed, 
with numerous boulders at the bottom of alluvium, and its 
top 80 to 100 feet above the present stream. Glacial striz 
around Kansas City are not found below 125 feet above the 
Missouri, although there are numerous ones above that level. 
At Weston, Mo., a cobblestone stratum twenty feet thick, con- 
taining red quartzite and granite boulders, is found about 150 
feet above the present level. (See Missouri Geological Survey, 
vol. 10, p. 146.) This terrace, due to the recent cutting down 
of the Missouri river, has been ascribed to the lowering of the 
channel into the Ozark limestones in central Missouri, but 
