18 THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES. 



uals appear in a single species; especially is this the case 

 where a sort of double dimorphism occurs, like that of 

 Iphidides ajax or oi PoUjgoiiia inter royationis mentioned 

 above. Instances have also been cited where the geo- 

 graphical element entered; but polymorphism is most con- 

 spicuous and comj^lioated whei-e all the above elements are 

 combined, — where dimorphism between the sexes, dimor- 

 phism also between the members of one sex confined to 

 distinct portions of the range of the species, and seasonal 

 dimorphism more or less limited in its geographical range 

 and in its correlation with the broods (as the species may 

 be multiple-brooded or not), may be further complicated 

 by geographical variations independent of and running 

 through all the others. Two cases may be cited as remark- 

 able instances of complicated polymorphism if the facts 

 shall prove well grounded. 



In the extreme north, Cijaniris i^seudaryioliis is single- 

 brooded and appears in two forms, an earlier with heavier 

 markings (lucia) and a later (violacea) ; tlie males of both 

 are blue above; the females paler blue with broad dark 

 margins to the fore wings. In New England it is double- 

 brooded, the sexes differing as before; the first brood is 

 trimorphic and serial, the earliest individuals having heavy 

 markings (lucia), the next intermediate markings (vio- 

 lacea), the last light markings (neglecta), while the second 

 brood is comj^osed entirely of neglecta; in the northern 

 part of the belt in which the first brood is trimorphic, the 

 form neglecta is comparatively rare, and lucia the most 

 abundant, while the reverse is the case in the southern 

 part of the same belt (and lucia itself is so variable that 

 one type of it has been separated as marginata). Farther 

 south lucia disap23ears altogether and the first brood is di- 

 morphic, — violacea and neglecta in theorder of their appear- 

 ance; but now a new element is introduced, for the males 



