142 THE COMMONER BUTTERFLIES. 



the nervure tips, especially the ujoperones; the hind wings have 

 somewhat similar markings in the female. Under surface with 

 similar but heavier markings, both sexes as in the female, but 

 inclining to yellowish brown. Expanse about 2 inches. 



Caterpillar. — Head pale straw-yellow, dotted with'dark ferru- 

 ginous. Body slender, naked, pilose, striped with golden yellow 

 and dark greenish purple, dotted with black papillae, which are 

 broader than high. Length nearly 1 inch. 



Chrysalis. — With compressed conical elevations above on mid- 

 dle of thorax and on sides of third abdominal segment, the frontal 

 projection not longer than broad, the wing-cases not protruding 

 beneath ; light bluish gray with yellowish dorsal and side stripes 

 and dotted with black. Length f inch. 



This is a southern and western butterfly, flying in 

 abundance farther north in the West than in the East, 

 where it is rarely found north of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and 

 the southern seashore of New England. It has a rapid 

 flight and is most common about vegetable gardens near 

 cities, the caterpillar being destructive to cabbages; since 

 the introduction of Pieris rajjae to this country, however, 

 it has been largely superseded in this respect by that pest. 

 It is triple-brooded, each succeeding generation more 

 abundant than the preceding, and hibernates as a chrysalis; 

 the first brood appears in May, the second late in June or 

 early in July, the third the last of August. The eggs,, 

 which are very tall and regular in form and vertically 

 marked with about fourteen ribs, are laid singly and hatch 

 in four days. The caterpillars feed upon various Crucifer- 

 ous plants, and in the case of the cabbage devour only the 

 outer leaves of the head and are thus much less destructive 

 in habit than Pieris rapae. 



The spring butterflies are more heavily marked than 

 those of the subsequent broods. 



