FAMILY TYPICAL BUTTERFLIES. 153 



leaves: later it devours the whole leaf, but even when old 

 it excej^ts the midrib and rests on the twigs and branches. 

 The summer chrysalids ordinarily hang from six to six- 

 teen days. 



48. GExrs Papilio. 



PAPILIO POLYXENES— THE BLACK SWALLOW-TAIL. 



(Papilio asterias.) 



Butterfly. — Wings black with markings mainly yellow ; fore 

 wings with two straight rows of spots parallel to the outer 

 margin, the outer rounded, the inner triangular ; upper surface 

 of hind wings with a median row of spots, in the male forming a 

 maculate band, and a submarginal series of lunules, between 

 which, e.speciaUy in the female, are many congregated blue 

 scales ; at the anal angle a black-pupilled orange demi-ocellus ; 

 on the under surface of the hind wings the yellow markiugs 

 become mostly orange and are heavier. Abdomen with two rows 

 of yellow dots on each side. Expanse 3^-4^ inches. 



Caterpillaj. — Head green, broadly striped vertically with 

 black. Body naked, nearly cylindrical, pea-green, marked with 

 black in transverse bands on each segment, broadening into 

 rounded spots at regular intervals by enclosing small, round, 

 yellow spots at their anterior margins. Length nearly 2 inches. 



Chrysalis. — Roughened, with the front half bent backward by 

 the protrusion beneath of the wing-cases, all the higher pro- 

 jections anterior and directed more or less forward ; dirty yellow- 

 ish brown, more or less marked with griseous and dotted with 

 black or blackish points. Length 1 J inches. 



Found everywhere in our district in cultivated fields and 

 hilly pastures, tlying rather swiftly near the ground and 

 often half doubling on its course. "Winter is passed in the 

 chrvsalis state and there are two broods annually, the first 

 making its appearance in the latter half of May, the second 

 about the middle of Julv. and each brood flying about two 

 months. The eggs, which are subspherical and honey- 

 yellow, afterward changing in parts to reddish brown, are 

 laid singly on the finely-cut leaves of the food-plant and 



