larval life, as of llic ogg-stagOR, varies willi llic jcrnix'caf me aiid tirno 

 of year. The shoi'tcst lai\al period observed has been It days in 

 tlie rains, the loiiu'est JSda\s. Tlie eiiango to (he pupal condition is 

 foreshadowed by a thickening of the thoracic sc^ginents, and by the 

 larva seeking a comparatively dry spot. There the last larval skin is 

 shed, tile pupa (Muerging through a slit in the thoracic region, and by 

 its wriggling movements working the skin down to the tail end, where 

 it remains attached to the earth and holding the pu|)a in place." 



(Jrassi, wJio states that the pup(e of /'//. papatasii aic found in 

 the saui(> localities as the larvae, usually " concealed in cracks in the 

 stones and bricks," sums up his description of the pupal stage as 

 follows : — " The j)upa is motionless, curved, with a dorsal concavity, 

 yellow, and from 2 to 5 mm. in length ; it is very easily recognisable 

 from the fact that the posterior extremity (last three segments) 

 is enveloped in the wrinkled and brownish larval skin, which serves 

 as a means of attachment. In shape the pupa is cylindriform, 

 with the anterior half swollen, the posterior half attenuated, and 

 the hind margins of the tergites produced into prominent ridges. 

 When examined under a lens it appears bare. The respiratory 

 papillae (tubes) are very small, two anterior and two posterior." 

 Howlett Avrites : — " The pupa, like the larva, has a very 

 characteristic appearance, ... Its most distinct feature is 

 perhaps the prominent ridges and projections on the dorsal surface 

 of the thorax. The duration of the pupal stage, like the others, 

 varies according to temperature from 8-9 days in the rains to 

 28 days in December." The same author adds: — "The whole 

 period of the life-history from the laying of the egg to the emergence 

 of the tly from the pupa may thus be said to take about one month 

 in the hot weather and two months or more in tiie cold weather. 

 Observations have however not yet been carried on throughout the 

 whole of the cold weather and the maximum length of life-history 

 is not yet accurately known." 



The bionomics and life-history of Phlebotomus 



Phlebotomus have been dealt with at some length, since it 



as a has recently been discovered that these flies 



disease-carrier, ^^p of considerable im]iortance as disseminators 



c 



