r,7 



numbers. Dr. R. E. Drakc-l^rocknuin, writing I'loin (^anioji, ncai- 

 Slioikh Hussein, Arussi Country, Galla Land, Nortli-East Africa, on 

 October 16th, 1908, with reference to Pangonia {Corizoneura) 

 distincta, Ricardo, stated that the flies were " in hundreds, and a 

 source of great annoyance to camels, horses, and mules." In a 

 subsequent communication, with reference to his recent journey 

 through the eastern and south-eastern parts of Abyssinia and the 

 north-eastern corner of British East Africa, Dr. Drake-Brockman 

 \\Tites that this species " was to be seen in hundreds all over the 

 undulating valley known as Gamoji, through which flows the river 

 Wabi, and even up the slopes of Mt. Abul Kassim to its very 

 summit 9000 ft. high, — Mt. Abul Kassim standing in the middle 

 of Gamoji." " Owing to the presence of these flies in such trouble- 

 some numbers," continues Dr. Drake-Brockman, " this country is 

 practically devoid of native villages at this time of the year. The 

 bush seemed alive with them, but although they came hovering 

 around human beings I did not hear of anyone being bitten by 

 them, while on the other hand the unfortunate camels, ponies, 

 mules, and cattle were so molested by their attentions during the 

 heat of the day that they gave up all idea of grazing. The female 

 alone attacks animals, the male obtaining necessary nourishment 

 from the nectar of the wild flowers, which were plentiful in this 

 locality in the month of October, following the rainy season. The 

 flies commence operations about 10.0 a.m., when the sun is high, 

 and only continue to annoy while it is shining ; if the sun be 

 masked by clouds for even a short interval they slacken their 

 attentions, and they cease to bite altogether if the day be cloudy. 

 Animals armoyed by them crowd together for protection, seeking 

 the shade of the smallest bush or tree. Tliis species, together with 

 other members of the same family, is known to the Somalis by the 

 name of ' Dug.' They do not consider its bite dangerous to their 

 stock, but they avoid the stretches of country frequented by it, 

 since the animals, instead of grazing, spend their time in keeping 

 the flies off and in consequence lose flesh rapidly." Species 

 of Pangonia, hke other Tabanidae, sometimes follow game ; thus, 

 specimens of P. oldii, Austen (a species closely allied to P. zonula, 



