FAMILY, I— PERCID^. 29 



are common in the insect boxes solrl at Canton." The one figured is from a stuffed specimen in the Liverpool 

 Free Museum, kindly lent me for this purpose by its curator, Mr. Moore. 



Genus, 8 — Lutianus, Block. 



Biacope and Mesoprion, Cuv. and Val. : Genyoroge, Cantor : Macolor, Bleeker : Proamhhjs, Hypopl'des, 

 Bhomhoplites, Ocyurtis, Evoplites, and Tropidinius, Gill. 



Branchiostegals seven : piseudobrancldw. Body ohlovg, compressed : snout elongated, with the preorhital rather 

 high and entire. Preopercle serrated, with or tuithout a notch on its vertical border to receive a knob, wliich is sometimes 

 developed on the interopercle. Opercle rarely with one, more generally ivith two or three indistinct points. Villiform 

 teeth in both jaws : canines in tlie uj^per, icith smaller ones in the anterior portion of the lower jaiv, and laterally 

 a row of canine-like teeth : villiform teeth likewise on the vomer, and palate : ivhen present on the tongue minute. 

 Dorsal Jin single, with from 7iine to thirteen spines: anal with three: pectorals piointed : caudal rounded, truncated or 

 emarginate. Scales ctenoid, of moderate or rather small size, one or two enlarged rows over the nape. Pyloric appendages 

 few or absent. Air-vessel simple. 



Oeographical distribution. — From the Red Sea and East coast of Africa through the seas of India, the 

 Malay Archipelago, and to the Pacific. 



Uses. — As a rule all these fishes are good as food, though some are insipid : a few attain a large size. 

 They are extensively salted and dried in many localities. 



Amongst the Lutiani exist variations which require notice. Thus in some, when immatiu-e (as observed 

 in a few Serrani), a spine exists at the angle of the preopercle : as age advances it is gi'adually absorbed, altliough 

 occasionally in the adult coarse serrations may indicate its prior existence. Instead of one there may be several 

 spinate denticulations at this spot in the fry, which also disappear, as in the case of the single spine. The 

 interopercular knob, in those species which possess one (^Genus Biacope, Cuv. and Val., or Genyoroge, Cantor.) 

 appears in two distinct modes — either as well formed from birth with a notch in the vertical border of the 

 preopercle — or else the knob is gradually formed, and as it increases in size it presses against the vertical border 

 of the preopercle causing absorption at the spot above it and thus creates a notch. Respecting the dorsal spines, 

 it has been remarked of the Serrani that one ray may occasionally assume the form of a spine, thus changing the 

 specific number (by the addition of one spine and the diminution of one ray) but this seems to be rather rare 

 amongst the Indian Lutiani in which, although the spines may bo increased, the rays are not usually diminished 

 in number : an increase in the number of the rays is, however, of more frequent occurrence than in the spines. 



In colouring there is one subject that requires fiirther examination, and that is the lateral blotch : in 

 those species in which it is present, it is sometimes most decided in the young, but whether it frequently exists 

 in some specimens and is absent in others remains to be solved. That it disappears if the fresh specimen is 

 left soaking in water is evident : that it sometimes is all but lost in those kept in spirit is also apparent, but the 

 similarity of Lutianus inarginatus without a lateral blotch to specimens in which it is present is so gi'eat, that I 

 cannot separate them into distinct species ; the same fact has been observed by Bleeker, in L. Bengalensis 

 and Amboinensis. It is not a little remarkable that this mark is of a deep black colour on the Malabar 

 coast, in L. marginatus ; but much less apparent in specimens captured on the Coromandel coast, where 

 also those of an identical size without any such blotch are numerous. Age then cannot be the sole cause, which 

 may be sought for in locality and sex (provided they are the same species). 



SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. 



1. Lutianus Sebce, D. Yi-Vo> -^^ e-^iy ^- ^'- is; ^- *■'■• 9/^^- Interopercular knob present, no lingual teeth. 

 Scales in oblique rows. Reddish* with three curved black bands. Red Sea, seas of India, to the Malay 

 Archipelago, and beyond. 



2. Lutianus Malabaricus, D. ^, A. f , L. r. f '-, L. tr. 9/23. No interopercular 'knob. No lingual teeth. 

 Scales in oblique rows above the lateral line. A violet-purple band on the back, along the base of the dorsal 

 fin. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 



3. Lutianus erythropterus, D. t-j-Vt> -A- f, L. r. ^%, L. tr. 11-12/25. No interopercular knob. No lingual 

 teeth. Scales in oblique rows. Red with marks varying with age. Red Sea, seas of India to the Malay 

 Archipelago, and beyond. 



4. Lutianus dodecacanthus, D. xi-Vr' ^- fi L. r. f|, L. tr. 8/23. No interopercular knob. No lingual 

 teeth. Scales in oblique rows above the lateral-line. Scarlet. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 



5. Lutianus Bengalensis, D. Yi-kr ^- f > ^- r- H'ff, L. tr. 7-8/18. An interopercular knob. No lingual 

 teeth. Scales in oblique rows above the lateral-lino, superiorly reaching to above the front edge of the eye. 

 Four blue bauds from the eye along the sides. Red Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 



6. Lutianus fulvus, D. ii, A. f, L. r. -Jf, L. tr. 9/21. An interopercular knob. No lingual teeth. 

 Scales in oblique rows above the lateral-line. Yellowish-red. Andamans, Otaheite. 



7. Lutianus biguttatus, D. yt-Vj'-A- |, L. r. ff, L. tr. 6/15. A small interopercular knob. Lingual teeth. 

 Scales in oblique rows above the lateral-line. Olive with two milk-white spots on the back. Seas of India, 

 to the Malay Archipelago. 



* It is curious that from this as well as from some other species of red Imtia/ni, as L. erythropterus. L. dodecacanthas, and even 

 Odonionectes pmjalo, the body colour has stained the cloth in which my specimens were enveloped whilst in spirit coming from India. In 

 eonie white carps on the other hand, as Barbus filamentostis. and B. aruUus the fish turns of a bright red after death, whether placed in 

 spirit or skinned and stuffed, this colour being persistent except to incipient putrefaction, soaking in water or weak spirit and bleaching. 



