FAMILY, XIV— TRICHIURID^. 201 



2. Trichiurus haumela. 



Clupea haumela, Forsk. p. 72 ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1408. 



Trichiurus Upturus, Lacep. ii, pi. 7, fig. 1 ; Russell, Fish. Vizag. i, p. 30, Sawala, pL 41 ; Ham. Buck. 

 Fish. Ganges, pp. 31, 364. 



Trichiurus haumela, Cuv. and Val. viii, p. 249 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 41 ; Swainson, Fishes, ii, p. 254 ; 

 Cantor, Catal. p. 113 ; Bleeker, Makr. p. 41 ; Jerdon, M. J. L. and Se. 18.51, p. 139 ; Giinther, Catal. ii, p. 348 ; 

 Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. GQ ; Kner, Novara Fische, p. 140 ; Klunz. Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 471. 



Trichiurus Malabaricus, Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 65, pi. v. 



Enchelyopus haumela, Bleeker, Bintang. 1868, p. 4. , 



Puttiah, Ooriah : Sawala, Tel. : Sona-ka-wahlah, Tarn. : Fa-pa-dah, Andam. 



B. vii, D. 127-133, P. 11. 



Length of head from 2/13 to 1/8, height of body from 1/12 to 1/15 of tlie total length. i?)/e^diameter 

 4| to 6^ in length of head, If to 2^ diameters from the end of snout, and 3/4 of a diameter apart : its 

 height is at least 1/2 of that of the head where it is situated. Lower jaw considerably the longer, the posterior 

 extremity of the maxilla reaches to below the middle of the orbit. Dorsal profile, between the end of the snout and 

 the eye, rather concave. Height of head equals 2/5 of its length. Teeth — upwards of 10 to 12 sharp comjjressed 

 ones laterally in either side of upper jaw, usually increasing in size posteriorly, whilst anteriorly in the 

 premaxillaries are two pairs of large curved and barbed canines, there are two similar but smaller teeth above 

 the symphysis* of the lower jaw (and in advance of the end of the snout when the mouth is closed), most 

 distinct in the adult, and 8 lateral ones also of less size than those in the upper jaw, and some of which are 

 occasionally barbed. Teeth also in the palatines. Fins — the first few dorsal rays are of less height than those 

 near the middle of the fin which about equal that of the body. Pectoral nearly or quite as long as the height 

 of the head. Behind the anus the anal fin is seen in the form of short spines, often entirely concealed or else 

 blunted at their external extremities : in one specimen 1 count 74, in another 80. Lateral-line — gradually 

 descends mitil above the commencement of the anal fin, where it is in the lower third of the body. Golours — 

 grayish along the back, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath : a dark mark along the edge of the preorbital. 

 Fins of a pale yellow, the upper half of the dorsal dark, due to numerous fine black dots. 



Habitat. — East coast of Africa, seas and estuaries of India, and the Malay Archipelago to China, attaining 

 at least 3 feet in length. It is extremely voracious, devoui-ing its own species, as well as other kinds of fish and 

 Crustacea. It is much more common than T. savala. 



3. Trichiurus savala, Plate XLVII, fig. 4. 



Cuv. and Val. viil, p. 251, pi. 244 ; Cantor, Ann. and Mag. ix, p. 15, and Catal. p. 115 ; Bleeker, Makr. 

 p. 41 ; Jerdon, M. J. L. and Sc. 1851, p. 139 ; Gunther, Catal. ii, p. 347; Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 67. 



Trichiurus armatus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 9, and 111. Ind. Zool. pi. 93, f. 1 ; Richards. Ich. China, p. 268 ; 

 Grifiith, in Cuv. Anim. Kingdom, Fishes, p. 349, pi. 6, f. 1. 



Unhelyopus savala, Bleeker, Bintang. 1868, p. 14. 



B. vii, D. 112-120, P. 11. 



Length of head 7-^, height of body 1/16 of the total length. Eye — diameter 2/13 to 1/7 of length of 

 head, 2| to 2J- in the length of snout, and 1 apart : its height is about 1/3 of that of the head where it is 

 situated. The height of the head equals 2~ to 2§ in its length. The lower jaw considerably prolonged beyond 

 the upper : the maxilla reaches to below the middle of the eye. Interorbital space neaily flat : dorsal profile 

 between upper surface of eyes and end of snout slightly concave. The distance from the eye to the upper jaw 

 nearly equals the diameter of the orbit. Teeth — about 8 sharp and compressed ones laterally in the upper jaw, 

 whilst anteriorly are two or three pairs of large, curved, and barbed fangs : there are two similar and rather 

 smaller ones above the symphysis of the lower jaw, and which are anterior to the snout when the mouth is 

 closed : laterally there are about 9 similar to those in the upper jaw but smaller. Fins — the dorsal fin 

 commences over the hind edge of the preopercle, its first rays are short, being about equal to 1 diameter of the 

 orbit, the longest rays are about equal to the height of the body. Pectoral 4/11 of the length of the head. Nf) 

 rudiment of ventral fins. Anal in the form of about 76 to 82 free spines which may be concealed in the skin 

 but are generally distinct, especially the fii-st, which is twice as long as seen in T. haumela. Lateral-line — passes 

 downwards to the lower third of the side. Colours — silvery, fins yellowish wliite. 



Habitat. — Seas and estuaries of India, the Malay Archipelago, and China, attaining at least 16 inches in 

 length. The spiecimen figured is 12 inches long, and from Bombay, it has 113 dorsal rays. 



* In a specimen from Orissa, nearly 19 inches long, only one such tooth exists, it is however upwards of 1/2 the diameter of the 

 eye in length and barbed posteriorly. 



2 D 



