636 PHYSOSTOMI. 



either side of symphysis of lower jaw, fine ones on tongue, palatine and pterygoid bones : none on the vomer. 

 Fins — dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and the posterior extremity of the base of the 

 anal fin. Pectoral reaches to above the ventral, the latter fin being inserted beneath the centre of the dorsal. 

 Last two anal rays rather prolonged. Caudal deeply forked and covered with fine scales. Scales — regularlv 

 arranged, their edges crenulated, and with numerous transverse stri;^. Scutes well developed, 18 before and 12 

 behind the base of the ventral fin. Free portion of the tail rather higher than long. Colours — greemah 

 superiorly, the bases of the scales being a little dark : caudal fin dark tipped. 



This fish is the species described by Cantor, and the teeth as he observes are distinct in his examples in 

 the lower jaw, palatine and pterygoid bones. The height of its body, size of its eye and length of its caudal 

 fin at once serve to distinguish it from C. fimhriata. 



Habitat. — East Coast of Africa, Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. It appears to be rare in 

 India. The example figured was from Cochin. 



2. Clupea atricauda, Plate CLXIV, fig. 5. 



Hareiigula melamirus, Bleeker, Ceram, p. 24-5. 



Clupea atricauda, Gijnther, Catal. vii, p. 426 ; Bleeker, Atl. Ich. vi, p. 106, t. 268, f. 5. 



B. vi, D. 18(tL), p. 17, V. 8, A. 17-19(y|:fy), C. 20, L. 1. 44-45, L. tr. 11. 



Length of head 4f, of caudal 5, height of body 4j in the total length. Eyes— -with broad adipose 

 lids, diameter 3f to 4 in the length of the head, about 1 diameter from end of snout and 2/3 of a diameter 

 apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles nearly equally and slightly convex. The greatest height of the head 

 equals its length excluding the snout. Lower jaw projecting beyond the upper : the posterior extremity of the 

 maxilla reaches to beneath the first third of the eye, numerous fine radiating lines on the cheeks : opercle twice 

 as high as broad. Teeth — a few small ones in front of lower jaw, a narrow band along the tongue, and some 

 deciduous ones on the palatines and pterygoids, but none on the vomer. Fins — dorsal commences midway 

 between the end of the snout and above the posterior extremity of the base of the anal fin. Pectoral as long 

 as the head excluding the snout, and reaching 2/3 of the way to the ventral, which last is inserted beneath the 

 middle of the dorsal fin. Last two anal rays thickened and slightly elongated. Lower caudal lobe sometimes 

 slightly the longer. Gill-rakers numerous, closely set, and about 1/3 as long as the eye. /Scales — regularly 

 arranged, with crenulated outer margin : scutes small anteriorly, becoming stronger under the middle of the 

 base of the pectoral fin, and 13 behind the base of the ventral. Colours — dark steel blue along the back and 

 upper third of the body, divided by a yellowish line from the silvery sides and abdomen, which are glossed 

 with blue and purple. Caudal with its extremity deep brown or black. 



Habitat. — Andamans to the Malay Archipelago. The example figured was from Port Blair. 



3. Clupea Klunzei, Plate CLXIII, fig. 1. 



Hareiujula Klunzei, Bleeker, Ternate, p. 209. 



Hareii.gula Moluccensis, Bleeker, Ternate, p. 609. 



Clupea Moluccensis, Giinther (pt) Catal. vii, p. 427. 



Clupea (Haretigula) Moluccensis and Klunzei, Bleeker, Atl. Ich. vi, p. 107, t. 203, f. 1 and 2. 



B. vi, D. 17.18(„?„), P. 16, V. 8, A. I'? .\8{-^t^s) , C. 20, L. 1. 4-5, L. tr. 11-12. 



Length of head 4| to 4f , of caudal 5 to 5i, height of body 4i to 4J in the total length. Byes --with broad 

 adipose lids, diameter 3 to 3j in the length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of snout and 2/3 of a diameter 

 apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles about equally and slightly convex. Head about 1/5 longer than deep. 

 Lower jaw prominent : maxilla reaching to beneath the middle of the eye : cheeks with numerous radiating 

 strioe : opercle twice as high as wide. Teeth — a few on lower jaw, tongue, palatine and pterygoid bones : none 

 on the vomer. Fins — dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and above tlie posterior end of 

 the base of the anal. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, and reaching 2/3 of the distance to the 

 base of the ventral, which last is inserted below the middle of the dorsal fin. Last Iwo anal rays rather 

 thickened and slightly elongated. Gill-rakers fine, about 1/3 as long as the eye, about 38 in the outer branch 

 of lower branchial arch. Scales — in regular rows, with the edges roughened or finely crenulated. Thirty 

 badly-developed scutes, about 13 behind the base of the ventral fin. CoZo ucs^bluish along the back 

 becoming silvery white shot with nurple on the sides and below. 



Bleeker distinguished C. Moluccensis from Klunzei, chiefly bv the length of the head in the former being 

 1/4 of that of the body excluding the caudal fin, and of the latter 3i- to 3|. 



Habitat. — Ceylon, Andamans and Kicobars to the Malay Archipelago. The example figured was from 

 the Andamans. 



4. Clupea leiogaster. 



Sardinella leiogaster, Cuv. and Val. xx, p. 270 ; Bleeker, Beng. p. 72. 



Clupea leiogaster, Bleeker, Atl. Ich. vi, p. Iu2, t. 262, f. 6 ; Kner, Novara Fische, p. .32" ; Klanz. 

 "Fische, Roth. Meer. 1871, p. 598. 



Clupea sirm, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 425, pt. (not Forsk. Riippell, etc.) 



B. vi, D. 17.18(„1„), P. 17, V. 8, A. 18.20(tt'tt)> C. 17, L. 1. 40, L. tr. 11-12. 



