FAMILY, V— TRTGONID^. 737 



these forms with every intermediate variation, occur, and the smooth body usually confined to the young may 

 be persistent in the adult. 



The various species of this extensive Genus may be sub-divided as follows : — 



A. — Dental lamince transverse : if undulating, slightly so : no cazulal cutaneous fold {Himantura). 



1. Trygon uarnak — Snout rather pointed. Tail very long. One or more large tubercles in middle of 

 back. Brown or spotted. Red Sea, Indian Ocean to Malay Archipelago : also African coast. 



2. Trygon marginatus — Tail twice as long as disk. A row of pointed tubercles on the back which is 

 spined all over. Hooghly at Calcutta. 



3. Trygon Bleeheri — Snout very pointed. Tail three to four times as long as disk. A central and 

 several smaller tubercles on the back. Bengal. 



4. Trygon walga — Snout pointed. Tail rather longer than disk. Tubercles variously disposed. Red 

 Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 



B. — Dental laminae transverse : if undulating, slightly so. Tail with a cutaneous fold (Trygon). 



5. Trygon Bennettii — Snout pointed. Tail three times as long as disk. Tubercles few. Red Sea, seas 

 of India to China. 



6. Trygon Kulilii — Tail 1/2 longer than disk. Body nearly smooth. Blue ocelli on upper surface. 

 East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 



7. Trygon vmhricata — Tail scarcely as long as body. Tubercles few. Seas of India. 



8. Trygon zugei — Snout very pointed and produced. A few tubercles in median line of back. Seas of 

 India to the Malay Archipelago, China, and Japan. 



C. — Loiver dental lamince someivhat pointed, the upper being angularly bent for its reception (llypoloplius'). 



9. Trygon sephen — A broad fold along lower surface of tail. Upper part of body covered with flat 

 tubercles. Red Sea, East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 



A. — Dental lamince transverse ; if undulating, slightly so : no caudal cutaneous fold (Himantura). 



1. Trygon uarnak, Plate CXCIV, fig. 1. 



Baja uarnak, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 18. 



Trygon Bussellii, Gray and Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool. 



Pastinachus uarnak, Riipp. N. W. Pisch. p. GO, pi. xix, figs. 2a and 2b. 



Trygon uarnak, Mlill. and Henle, p. 158; Cant. Catal. Mai. Fish. p. 423 ; Richards. Ich. China, p. 197 ; 

 Bleek. Flag. p. 69; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1860, p. 42; Dumeril. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, p. 685; Day, Fish. 

 Malabar, p. 277 ; Giinther, Catal. viii, p. 473 ; Klunz. Fisch. Roth. Meer. 1871, p. 679. 



Trygon variegatas, McClell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1841, i, p. 60, pi. ii, fig. 2; Dumeril, 1. c. p. 587; 

 Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1860, p. 43. 



Trygon lutrnaccndes, undulatus, macrurus, pareh, and pastinacoides, Bleek. 1. c. pp. 70, 71, 72, 75, or 

 Nat. Tyds.' Ned. Ind. iii, p. 738, and v, p. 461 ; Dumeril, 1. c. pp. 586, 588, 590. 



Trygon Gerrardi, Gray, Chond. p. 116 ; Giinther, Catal. viii, p. 474 {young). 



Trygon Ellioti, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1860, p. 41. 



Bona kah tiriki, Tam. : Puli tenke, Tel. 



Disk about as broad as long, snout pointed and rather prominent : tail from three to four times as long 

 as the body. Iris with a well-developed superior flap. Teeth — dental laminfB undulating. Fins — no cutaneous 

 folds on the tail which is armed with a serrated spine situated about 1/2 the length of the disk from the root 

 of the tail. Tubercles — vary in different specimens, absent in the very young : in those with a disk of about 

 6 inches across there are two or three rows of widely separated oval tubercles on either side of the head, 

 internal to the eyes, and meeting on the occiput : from thence towards the scapula is a single row of larger 

 and more widely separated ones. In the middle of the back three large closely approximating scales or 

 tubercles, the centre one heart-shaped, the anterior round, and the posterior almost heart-shaped. In some 

 specimens of a large size, there are also numerous distant thorns on the tail which may disappear with age. In 

 specimens with a disk of 3 feet across, the head, back, and sides are covered with smooth, roundish scales, 

 having intermediate smaller ones. Colours — vary according to age : up to the period when the breadth of the 

 disk is about 9 inches the body is of a yellowish brown, darkest along the back, and the abdomen white : a 

 short distance beyond the commencement of the tail it is irregularly annulated with alternate narrow light 

 brown, and broad or narrow dark-brown rings. As its age increases, black spots commonly appear on the 

 body, and when it has attained the width of 3 feet across its disk it is light brown or greenish-olive, covered 

 with lighter and in some almost white spots, or reticulated with white lines, whilst the anterior extremity of 

 the tail also shows the remains of the rings. The adult is uniformly brownish or greenish-olive. Iris golden. 

 Occasionally there are light spots on the posterior portion of the disk, as shown in the figure {T. Gerrardi, 

 Gray, or T. macrurus, Bleeker). 



5 B 



