126 



densis), and clearweed (Pilea purnila) surviving as relics of the low- 

 land forest vegetation. 



Representative animals of this community are the following: Mi- 

 smnena aleatoria, Lycosa scutulata, Bpeira dorniciliorum, Aulacises 

 irrorata, Jalysits spinosus, Dichromorpha znridis, Melanoplus amplec- 

 tetts, gracilis, and sciidderi, Anihlycorypha rotimdifolia, Conoceph- 

 alus nehrascensis, OrcheUniuin ciiticulare and glaberrimum, Xiphidiuni 

 nemorale, Nenwbius fasciatus, Acanthocerus galeator, Autographa 

 precationis, Bpargyreus tityrns (larva on sassafras), Derotnyia dis- 

 color, Milesia ornata, and, apparently as wanderers from the forest, 

 Calopteron reticidatum, Thalessa lunator, and Pelecimis polytiirator. 



4. Hinnid Loivland (Hard Maple and Red Oak) 

 Forest Association 



This lowland forest community is upon a well-drained but moist 

 slope of the valley of the Embarras River. The soil is damp, and con- 

 tains a large. amount of vegetable debris. The forest canopy is com- 

 plete, and the forest is relatively dark. Representative trees are the 

 hard maple (Acer saccharum) , red oak (Qnerciis rubra), and the elm 

 (Uhnus americana) ; the herbaceous plants are nettle (Laportea cana- 

 densis) and the clearweed (Pilea pumila). 



Representative animals are the various forest mollusks, Bpeira tri- 

 vittata, Acrosonia spinea and rugosa, Acarus serotincc, Bittacns stig- 

 inatcrus (and probably strigosus and apicalis), Asaphes vieninonius, 

 Calopteron tenninale, probably Thalessa lunator, Pelecimis polytura- 

 tor, and Tapinoina sessile and other ants. Boletotlierus hifurcus is 

 dependent upon the shelf-fungus Polyporus, which grows most abun- 

 dantly on decaying stumps and logs in moist woods. The species of 

 Bittacns are as representative of shady, moist woods as are the nettle 

 Laportea and the clearweed (Pilea). Such an insect as Bittacns might 

 live in the park-like groves of an open forest, but its optimum habitat 

 is in the dense climax forest. Perhaps the most striking contrast be- 

 tween the open and closed shady forest is due to the absence of nu- 

 merous Ortlwptera which are generally abundant in open grassy places. 

 That these forms are able to thrive on the bottoms when the proper 

 conditions are present is seen by their abundance in the glade in the 

 lowland forest. In the uplands also, Papilio and Polygonia frequent 

 the open spaces, but in the shady lowland forest the slow, low-flying 

 Bnodia and Cissia are the characteristic butterflies seen on wing. 



