Trelease — Botany During the 19th Century. 139 



parasites or the chemical alterations which these induce in the 

 affected plants, may be said to have been laid in the closing 

 days of the century by Professor Marshall Ward. 



POPULARIZATION AND PUBLICATION. 



The development of any department of science is closely 

 connected with its power of interesting men. The present 

 tendency of this interest is more and more commercial and 

 economic, though it should be said at the same time that no 

 earlier period has witnessed a higher development of interest 

 in the purely abstract problems of science. 



The lucid, terse Latin of Linnaeus did much to popularize 

 the botany of his time, and for the century just closed full 

 credit should not be withheld from those whose writings fos- 

 tered and spread an interest in their science. Schleiden, 

 Lindley, Willkomm, Gray, Darwin, Kerner von Marilaun, 

 Gibson and Lubbock have shown pre-eminent ability to per- 

 petuate the old and awaken new interests. Too great value 

 can scarcely be attributed further to the scientific stimulus 

 and opportunity due to the publication of such comprehensive 

 class-books as the general text-book of Sachs, the Compara- 

 tive Anatomy of DeBary, the physiological manuals of Sachs 

 and Pfeffer, the pollination works of Herman Mueller and 

 the dissemination treatises of Haberland, all of them original 

 contributions to science as well as adaptations of its results to 

 the purpose of the teacher; and the abridgments, local 

 adaptations, popularizations and imitations of these products 

 of leaders, reaching and being comprehended by a larger 

 audience, may perhaps have done even more toward fanning 

 into flame the first spark of enthusiasm and desire for re- 

 search. 



Quite as noteworthy is the advance in educational and in- 

 structional methods, and appliances other than books. Up 

 to the middle of the century, instruction in botany was con- 

 fined to more or less perfunctory lecture courses, and the 

 pupil who would become an investigator was obliged to work 

 out his own salvation, or was permitted as a special favor the 

 privilege of association with a master. The opening of a 

 botanical laboratory at the Univerity of Freiburg, by DeBary, 

 in 1858, marks an epoch. It is a poor college to-day, as the 



