Prussia and the German System of Education. 15 



philosophy of history, philosophy of art or aesthetics, 

 moral philosophy, philosophy of religion, and history of 

 philosophy. 



3d. The faculty of Law (facultas juris canoniciet civilis) 

 embraces a greater variety of studies (especially the history 

 of civil, criminal, and common law, the exposition of the 

 ancient Roman Code, and the canon law) than our own 

 law schools. But on the other hand, these latter, with 

 the many opportunities for public speaking and our 

 republican institutions, produce stronger advocates and 

 more practical statesmen. The German law-schools were 

 modeled after the oldest in the world, that of Bologna. 



4. The faculty of Medicine comprehends chemistry, 

 physiology, anatomy, phrenology, pathology and similar 

 sciences, which are taught also in all our regular medical 

 colleges. 



The universities of Berlin and Vienna, enjoy the great- 

 est medical reputation. 



The system of academical degrees originated likewise 

 in the middle ages. In Germany, the lower degrees have 

 disappeared except for divinity, but the doctorship remains 

 for each faculty. This may be acquired after the com- 

 pletion of the prescribed course, by a special examination, 

 printed dissertation or book and public disputation con- 

 ducted in Latin ; all involving considerable expense. The 

 diploma of Doctor of Philosophy, however, which 

 corresponds somewhat to our Master of Arts, and also that 

 of Doctor of Medicine, can be more easily secured ; at 

 least, from several smaller universities. Some years ago, 

 complaint was entered at the Diet of Frankfort against 

 the traffic in the lower diplomas which brought them into 

 disrepute ; and the lesser states were compelled to check 

 it. The Prussian- universities demand very scrupulously a 

 rigorous examination and public disputation, and never 

 waste a degree honoris causa. 



