Hitchcock — Ecological Plant Geography of Kansas. 59 



entirely dry up leaving the plants to winter in the hard 

 ground. The following would be characteristic: Typha 

 latifolia, Sparganium eurycarpum, Alisma Plantago, Sagit- 

 taria (several species), Eleocharis (several species), Scirpus 

 lacustris and other species, Carex (several species, as O. fili- 

 formis latifolia, C. hystricina). 



Bogs. These are found in the neighborhood of springs 

 and hence are supplied with water the year around. Many 

 of the plants of the preceding sub-class, are found here, but 

 particularly the following: Cardamine rhomboidea, C. parvi- 

 Jiora, LytJirum alatum, Ludwigia alternifolia, Epilobium 

 lineare, E. coloralum, Berula angustifolia, Eupatorium per- 

 foliatum, Mimidus Jamesii, Gerardia tenuifolia, Lycopus 

 rubellus, L. lucidus Americanus, L. sinuatus, Juncus (several 

 species), Cyperus (several species, as (J . esculentus) , Phrag- 

 mites communis (local). 



Buffalo Wallows. Depressions in the soil found scattered 

 over the plains in western Kansas. During the wet season they 

 hold water but are dry in the latter part of the year. The plants 

 are mostly annuals. Ammannia Wrightii, Oenothera canes- 

 cens, O. triloba parvijiora, Aclinella odorata, Lippia cunei- 

 folia, Eriochloa polystachya, Panicum colonum, Eragrostis 

 pilosa . 



Borders of ponds and marshes (more rarely borders of 

 streams). This formation might more properly come among 

 the mesophytes but it will be included here for convenience. 

 It occurs between the swamp formation and the true meso- 

 phyte flora. Lippia lanceolata, Leersia oryzoides, L. Vir- 

 ginica. 



/Sandy or muddy borders of streams. This formation is 

 found on sand-bars or mud-banks in the latter part of sum- 

 mer when the water has subsided. The plants are mostly 

 small annuals. Conobea mullifida, Ilysanthes riparia, Cy- 

 perus aristatuSf C. diandrus, Eragrostis replans. 



CLASS IV. SHRUB-SWAMPS. 



These are found only through the eastern part of the State. 

 There is much open water, and herbaceous vegetation is more 

 or less suppressed by the shrubby growth. In between the 



