364 GABEIEL ANDRAL. 



petition, in 1823. He was chosen Professor of Hygiene in 1828, 

 and the same year was api^ointed one of the physicians of the Hos- 

 pital La Pitie. He was promoted to the chair of Internal Pathol- 

 ogy in 1836, and to that of General Pathology and Therapeutics, the 

 highest in rank, in 1839. He was elected to the Academy of Medicine 

 in 1823, and to the Academy of Sciences in 1843. 



Thus, early taking prominent positions, he rose progressively to the 

 highest eminence as practitioner, author, and teacher, and became a 

 ruling Influence in the exciting movements and bustling progress of 

 medical science in his day. 



As a practitioner he was abundantly successful, numbering among 

 his clients the highest and noblest in the land. He was courteous in 

 manner, and considerate in manipulation. His prudence in experi- 

 mentation, and his little reliance upon drugs as remedies, less supersti- 

 tious certainly than that of some of his associates, led occasionally to 

 the ungracious remark that he was more interested in pathological 

 verifications than in therapeutic success. Nevertheless, he was noted 

 for great accuracy in diagnosis, and for eminently judicious treatment 

 of the sick. 



The most considerable of his publications, the first volume of which 

 was published in 1823, only two years after his graduation, was his 

 Clinique Medicale, which reached its third edition in five volumes in 

 1834. This work of years, still much consulted, is distinguished for 

 good faith in researches, ardent regard for truth, opposition to hypo- 

 thesis, and a philosophic spirit. In 1829, he began his Precis d'Ana- 

 tomie Pathologique, which, in its three parts, ultimately formed two 

 volumes. This was an attempt to trace out more thoroughly the laws 

 connecting morbid appearances found after death with tlie symptoms 

 manifested by disease during life. With more comprehensive views 

 than his contemporaries, then leaning too much to solidism, he showed 

 this to be one, but only one, of the important methods for establishing 

 in full the science of the sick man. In the same spirit, in connection 

 with Gavarret and Delaford, he instituted observations on the blood, 

 in health and disease, and published the results in 1843, in a treatise 

 entitled Essai d' Hematologic Pathologique, 



As a teacher he was unrivalled. By his originality, good judgment, . 

 sound learning, and brilliant speech, he compelled the interested atten- 

 tion of the most indifferent student, as that of the ablest scientists who 

 crowded his amphitheatre. Honest and earnest, he gained the con- 

 fidence of all by the remarkably clear statements of what he himself 

 implicitly believed. Some idea, however inadequate, of the substance 



