OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 475 



shrubbery, and giving his trees good cultivation, he had made most 

 of his sickly trees healthy; his orange trees, on China lemon root, 

 were planted too deep, and he had lost in consequence. 



Mr. S. McCoy agreed with Mr. Holmes; the crown of the root should 

 be planted even with the surface of the ground. 



Dr. S. J. Magee had not been successful in cutting out the diseased 

 portions of trees. 



Mr. Caldwell thought that the gum disease was produced by local 

 causes, and tliat it was not really a disease. 



Mr. Holmes had planted unhealthy trees, but with good treatment 

 they had nearly all recovered; he did not know how to select trees 

 when he commenced his orchard, and hence was induced to take 

 trees unfit for use; he thought that the gum disease was the result of 

 improper treatment. 



1). H. Burnham, of Riverside, thought the gum disease the result 

 of improper irrigation and cultivation. 



N. W. Blanchard, of Santa Paula, V^entura County, considered 

 windbreaks very essential to the welfare of citrus trees. Those trees 

 that were protected from the sea breeze had no black dust or scale 

 bug. He spoke from observation in the Santa Clara Valley, Ventura 

 County, which opened out upon the ocean. He had noticed corn in 

 the same way. The corn in a field protected from the sea breeze by 

 a row of eucalypti would stand high next to the trees, and then 

 taper down to very poor corn at the further edge of the field. In 

 the Azores they built stone walls to protect their orchards from the 

 severe winds. 



G. W. Garcelon said that from the experience of the past winter 

 the people had become demoralized on the subject of windbreaks; 

 old established theories had been completely upset, and for once 

 those orchards which were most protected from the winds were the 

 most severely damaged. This may appear paradoxical, but it was 

 true. 



W. N. Mann had planted corn among his trees; in irrigating his 

 corn that in the upper side of his orchard got the most water and 

 grew large, while that in the lower portion of the orchard was small. 

 He noticed that the trees where the corn was large made much the 

 best growth, and he thought the cause was the protection from the 

 wind which the large corn gave the trees. 



Mr. Garcelon thought that a windbreak did damage as well as 

 good. The roots extended a great distance, sapping the moisture 

 and strength from the soil. The row of trees next to a pepper wind- 

 break was generally much the poorest row in tlie orchard. 



James Bettner stated that trees a little distance from a windbreak 

 would suffer more from the wind than if there were no windbreak 

 at all. 



Mr. Caldwell recommended the Monterey cypress as the best tree 

 for a windbreak; it was also a tree of great beauty. 



H. J. Rudisill thought that windbreaks were very necessary, and 

 that wo did not plant tliem close enough together. 



Mr. Burnham stated that it was his experience that oranges were 

 found most plentiful on the protected side of the trees; young trees 

 nearly always fruited on the east or northeast side first. 



Mr. Holmes agreed with Mr. Burnham, but thought that during 

 the past winter the trees behind windbreaks had suffered most from 

 the wind. 



