X. — The Bermuda Islands : their Scenery, Climate, Produc- 

 tions, Physiography, Natural History, and Geology ; with 

 Sketches of their Early History and the Changes Due 



to Man.* 



By Addison E. Verrill. 



In the preparation of the following descriptive account of the Ber- 

 muda Islands, 1 have aimed to provide a work that may meet most of 

 the needs of large numbers of persons who go to the islands annually 

 for health, pleasure, or study, and who may wish to learn as much as 

 possible about the islands and their principal productions, without 

 being obliged to consult a library, or burden themselves with many 

 books.f 



At the same time I have tried to make it so comprehensive and 

 accurate, both as to text and illustrations, that it may serve as a 

 standard reference book for students and libraries generally, in 

 respect to the various subjects treated, though many of them are 

 here necessarily treated rather briefly. 



In regard to the Marine Zoology, which is a very extensive subject, 

 requiring hundreds of additional illustrations, the rather brief and 

 general accounts here included are intended to be in a popular form, 

 and to illustrate the more conspicuous and important species, such as 

 visitors are likely to meet with and wish to know about. But I do 

 not intend to give here complete lists of the species in any of the 

 larger groups, for that would require a large volume. J 



Much fuller accounts of the Marine Zoolog} 7 will be provided in a 

 series of monographs now being prepared by the author and others. 

 Some of these have already been published, and others are nearly 

 ready for the press. § 



The observations and collections on which this work is based were 

 chiefly made during two expeditions to the Bermudas : one made in 

 the spring of 1898, when I Avas accompanied by three students from 



* Copyright 1902, by A. E. Verrill. 



f It should be understood that most of the fishes and other marine animals 

 and much of the vegetation are identical with those of the Bahamas, Porto 

 Rico, and other West Indian Islands, so that this work will also be useful in 

 any of these islands. 



% The total number of marine species now known is over 1000. Of fishes 

 there are about 200 species. 



§ See the Bibliography at the end of this work. 



