804 A. E. Verrill — The Bermuda Islands. 



the cultivation of fruit in every country, has recently led to very 

 numerous scientific investigations and experiments and to an exten- 

 sive literature, especially in the United States. Effectual methods 

 of several kinds have thus been discovered for destroying them on 

 infected trees and for preventing their spreading. But constant 

 watchfulness, promptness, and perseverance will always be necessary 

 on the part of those who have the care of fruit orchards, for these 

 insects increase with marvelous rapidity, even in one season. 



A very useful report on Scale-insects, by Professor J. H. Comstock, 

 is in the Annual Report of the Entomologist of the United States 

 Department of Agriculture for 1880. In this report many of the 

 species affecting fruit trees in the United States are described and 

 figured. Numerous later reports have been published by the same 

 department, and also by the Experiment Stations of various States. 

 The species found in Bermuda, so far as known, are all found also 

 in the United States, and therefore the reports referred to are equally 

 applicable here, especially those relating to the orange-scales. 



We collected a number of species, but some have not yet been 

 determined by the specialists to whom they were sent.* One of the 

 most common, Icerya Parchasi, is very injurious to the orange, 

 lemon, galba, pomegranate, tamarisk, roses, hibiscus, etc. 



We could not learn that the very pernicious San Jose Scale 

 (Aspidlotus pemiciosus), fig. 180£, p. 811, has yet been found here. 

 It would be likely to infest especially the loquat tree, if introduced, 

 but it feeds on many kinds of trees. f 



Four or five species, at least, were found abundant on the orange 

 and lemon trees. The most common and destructive are the Purple 

 Scale, figs. 182-182&, and the Fluted Scale (Icerya). In a recent 

 letter to the writer, Mr. Geo. A. Bishop, superintendent of the 

 Public Garden, reports several additional species, mentioned below. 



Cottony Cushion-scale ; Fluted Scale. (Icerya Purchasi Maskell.) 



Figure 183, p. 810. 



This scale, which was found by us common on the orange and 

 several other trees in April, had already been recognized as a 



* We collected or observed Scale-insects on the following trees and shrubs : 

 orange, lemon, citron, loquat, fig, avocado pear, pomegranate, oleander, olive, 

 hibiscus, fiddle-wood, frangipani, wild jasmine, grape, galba, cycad, etc. 



f According to recent investigations by Mr. C. L. Marlatt, this species is 

 native of North China. Bull. 37, new ser., Divis. Entom., U. S. Dep. Agric, 

 p. 65, 1902. See also Bull. No. 3. 



