370 R. CHALMERS— BAY OF FUNDY COAST IN THE GLACIAL I'KRIOD. 



valleys, etc. The ice-froni was beneath the sea at the time the stratified 

 and overlying, unstratified fossiliferous portions were deposited. These 

 testify very clearly to several local oscillations of the ice-front and show 

 unmistakably thai this portion of the series was formed by a Dumber of 

 successive increments or additions of material, appearing, indeed, just as 

 if the ice had " dumped " it a number of times in succession over the 

 Carleton hills into the Pleistocene sea with little or no disturbance of the 

 preexisting beds. 



2. The shells in the stratified portions of the bowlder-clay are in situ, 

 and have been entombed in it in a sea 100 to 200 feet or more in depth. 

 They are in too perfed a condition to have been transported in bowlder- 

 clay by ice, and, moreover, the .state of the beds in which they occur is 

 opposed to this view. Those found in the overlying, unstratified bowl- 

 der-clay may have had the shallow-water species now found buried in it 

 pushed out from the Pleistocene shore and thus mingled with the deep- 

 water forms. All the species denote an arctic or a subarctic climate and 

 a sea even colder than existed at the beginning of the Leda-cl&y period. 



3. The land on this part of the Bay of Fundy coast during the deposi- 

 tion of this fossiliferous bowlder-clay must have been, therefore, loo to 

 200 feet or more lower than at the present day, relative to the sea. 



4. As the stria' on the rocks underneath the bowlder-clay indicate 

 several ice movements varying in direction from S. 2° W. to S. 65° E., 

 these and the formation of the lower bowlder-clay cannot all lie due to 

 one body of ice. The latter is therefore the product of several glaciers, 

 each successive one having worked overall the material beneath it down 

 to the rock surface. 



discussion. 



Air Warren Upham : The occurrence of Yoldia arctica as the only 

 plentiful species in the intercalated stratified -earns of clay met with in 

 the bowlder-clay at Saint John implies that the margin of the ice was 

 near when it inhabited the Bay of Fundy waters. This shell is now- 

 found living only in the Arctic ocean, and thrive- most, according to 

 Baron de (deer, in Spitzbergen, near the months of streams discharged 

 from glaciers and muddy with the line silt dm' to their erosion. 



