OF ARTS AND SCIENCES : NOVEMBER 13, 1867. 419 



Scope and force are proposed by De Morgan. Scope in ordinary lan- 

 guage expresses extension, but force does not so much express com- 

 prehension as the power of creating a lively representation in the 

 mind of the person to whom a word or speech is addressed. Mr. J. S. 

 Mill aas introduced the useful verbs denote and connote, which have 

 become very familiar. It has been, indeed, the opinion of the best 

 students of the logic of the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries) 

 that connotation was in those ages used exclusively for the reference to 

 a second significate, that is (nearly) for the reference of a relative term 

 (such as father, brighter, &c.) to the correlate of the object which it pri- 

 marily denotes, and was never taken in Mill's sense of the reference of a 

 term to the essential characters implied in its definition. § Mr. Mill has, 

 however, considered himself entitled to deny this upon his simple au- 

 thority, without the citation of a single passage from any writer of that 

 time. After explaining the sense in which he takes the term connote, 

 he says : " The schoolmen, to whom we are indebted for the greater 

 part of our logical language, gave us this also, and in this very sense. 

 For though some of their general expressions countenance the use of 

 the word in the more extensive and vague acceptation in which it is 

 taken by Mr. [James] Mill, yet when they had to define it specifically as 

 a technical term, and to fix its meaning as such, with that admirable 

 precision which always characterized their definitions, they clearly ex- 

 plained that nothing was said to be connoted except forms, which 

 word may generally, in their writings, be understood as S)'nonymous 

 with attributes." As scholasticism is usually said to come to an end 

 with Occam, this conveys the idea that connote was commonly em- 

 ployed by earlier writers. But the celebrated Prantl considers it 

 conclusive proof that a passage in Occam's Summa is spurious, that 

 connotative is there spoken of as a term in frequent use ;* and remarks 

 upon a passage of Scotus in which connotatum is found, that this con- 

 ception is here met with for the first time, f The term occurs, how- 

 ever, in Alexander of Ales, % who makes nomen connotans the 

 equivalent of appellatio relativa, and takes the relation itself as the 

 object of connotare, speaking of creator as connoting the relation of 



* Prantl, Geschichte, Vol. III. p. 364. 



t Ibid. p. 134. Scotus also uses the term. Quodlib. question 13, article 4. 

 I Summa Theologica, Part I. question 53. 



§ Cf. Morin, Dictionnaire, Tome I. col. 684 ; Chauvin, Lexicon, both editions ; 

 Eustachius, Summa, Part I. Tr. I. qu. 6. 



