428 PROCEEDINGS IN THE AMERICAN ACADEMY 



And thus he makes the predicate particular. Others interpret it 

 thus: — 



Every man Subject. 



has all the attributes common to Copula. 



every animal Predicate. 



It is in this latter sense that the copula is considered in this paper. 

 Now, a particular is, as has been said, an alternative subject. Thus, 

 " Some S is M" means, if S', S", and S"' are the singular S's, that "either 

 S', or else S", or else S"', has all the attributes belonsin^ to M." A 

 particular term, then, has a substantial depth, because it may have a 

 predicate which is absolutely concrete, as in the proposition, " Some 

 man is Napoleon." But if we put the particular into the predicate we 

 have such a proposition as this : " M has all the attributes belonging to 

 S', or else all those belonging to S", or else all those belonging to S'"." 

 And this can never be true unless M is a single individual. Now a 

 single individual substance is, I will not say an atom, but the smallest 

 part of an atom, that is, nothing at all. So that a particular can have 

 no substantial breadth. Now take the universal term " S." We can say, 

 " Any S is M," but not if M is a real concrete quality. We cannot 

 say, for instance, " Any man is Napoleon." On the other hand, we can 

 say " Any M is S," even if M is a real substance or aggregate of sub- 

 stances. Hence a universal term has no substantial depth, but has sub- 

 stantial breadth. We may therefore divide all terms into substantial 

 universals and substantial particulars. 



Two terms may be equal in their substantial breadth and depth, and 

 differ in their essential breadth and depth. But two terms cannot have 

 relations of substantial breadth and depth which are unknown in the 

 state of information supposed, because in that state of information 

 everything is known. 



In informed breadth and depth, two terms may be equal, and may 

 have unknown relations. Any term, affirmative or negative, universal 

 or particular, may have informed breadth or depth. 



§ 5. The Conceptions of Quality, Relation, and Representation, applied 



to this Subject. 



In a paper presented to the Academy last May, I endeavored to show 



