452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY 



lon^s to a different house, or family, yet they are all my relatives, and 

 these are called the nine grades of relations." A strong presumption 

 arises from a comparison of the Hawaiian and Chinese systems, that the 

 latter, in its original form, was identical, in all essential respects, with 

 the former. 



It remains to notice a remarkable custom of the Hawaiians, which 

 had not entirely disappeared at the epoch of the establishment of the 

 American missions. This custom was mentioned by Judge Lorin An- 

 drews in explanation of a particular Hawaiian relationship in the fol- 

 lowing language : " The relationship of " Pinalua " is rather am- 

 phibious. It arose from the fact that two or more brothers, with their 

 wives, and two or more sisters, with their husbands, were inclined to 

 possess each other in common. But the modern use of the word is 

 that of dear friend, or intimate companion." This custom has an inti- 

 mate connection with the solution about to be presented. 



III. System of Relationship of the Ganowanian Family. 



The American Indians, when related, address each other by the 

 term of relationship, and never by the personal name. As a custom it 

 is substantially universal. If no relationship exists, the form of ad- 

 dress is " my friend." This custom of saluting by kin has tended to 

 impart as well as preserve a knowledge of the system, and to render 

 it perfectly familiar to all. They recognize all the relationships known 

 to the Aryan system, besides several which the latter does not discrim- 

 inate. The system, as presented in the Table below, with some modi- 

 fications in the different stock-languages, is now in practical daily use 

 throughout the Ganowanian family. 



In addition to a remarkably opulent nomenclature of relationships, 

 some of these languages have a double set of terms for particular rela- 

 tionships, one" of which is used by the males, and the other by the 

 females. It will also be found, in very many cases, that the relation- 

 ship of the same person to myself, a male, is different when I am 

 a female. Notwithstanding the great diversities created by the system, 

 it is logical and self-sustained throughout. 



To develop its prominent characteristics it will be necessary to pass 

 through the several lines, as in the former case. 



The relationships of grandfather and grandmother, and of grandson 

 and granddaughter, are the most remote which are recognized either 

 in the ascending or descending series. Ancestors and descendants 



