OP ARTS AND SCIENCES: FEBRUARY 11, 1868. 453 



above and below them fall into tbe same categories respectively. In 

 the collateral lines persons of common descent cannot fall without 

 the relationship of brother or cousin. The relationship of brother and 

 sister is conceived in the twofold form of elder and younger, and not 

 in the concrete ; and there are special terms for each. 



First Collateral Line. 



With myself a male, my brother's son and daughter are my son and 

 daughter, each of them calling me father. This is the first indicative 

 feature of the system. My brother's grandchildren are my grand- 

 children, each of them calling me grandfather. 



On the other hand, my sister's son and daughter are my nephew and 

 niece, each of them calling me uncle. (Second indicative feature.) 

 My sister's grandchildren are my grandchildren, each of them calling 

 me grandfather. 



"With myself a female, the first relationships are reversed ; my broth- 

 er's son and daughter are my nephew and niece, each of them calling 

 me aunt ; whilst my sister's son and daughter are equally my son and 

 daughter, each of them calling me mother. The children of these 

 nephews and nieces, sons and daughters, are, without distinction, my 

 grandchildren, each of them calling me grandmother. In each of the 

 cases above named, as well as in those hereafter stated, the primary 

 terms are used in their primary sense, e. g. I call my brother's son my 

 so?i, when I speak to him, the same as though he were my own son. 



Second Collateral Line. 



My father's brother is my father, and calls me his son. (Third in- 

 dicative feature.) His son and daughter are my brother and sister, 

 elder or younger according to our respective ages. (Fourth indicative 

 feature.) With myself a male, the children of this collateral brother 

 are my sons and daughters, each of them calling me father ; whilst the 

 children of this collateral sister are my nephews and nieces, each of 

 them calling me uncle. The children of each are my grandchildren, 

 each of them calling me grandfather. On the contrary, with myself a 

 female, the children of this collateral brother are my nephews and 

 nieces, each of them calling me aunt ; whilst the children of this col- 

 lateral sister are my sons and daughters, each of them calling me 

 mother. Their children in like manner are my grandchildren, each of 

 them calling me grandmother. 



