9u A. E. Verrill— Bermudian and West Indian Reef Corals. 



Favia fragum (Esper) Edw. and Haime. 



Madrepora ananas (pars) Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 321, 1766 (not of Linne, 



Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, p. 797, which was a palaeozoic fossil (Acervularia) , 



from Gothland. 

 Madrepora ananas {pars) Linne", Syst. Nat., ed. xii, i, p. 1275, (not of ed. x,) 



1767. 

 Madrepora ananas Ellis and Solander, Nat. Hist. Zooph., p. 168, pi. xlvii, 



fig. 6, 1786. 

 Madrepora fragum Esper, Pflanzenth., Fortsetz., i, p. 79, pi. lxiv, figs. 1. 'J. 



1797 (non Madrepora ananas Esper, Pflanzenth., pp. 128-131. pi. xix, which 



is a Dichoccenia.) 

 Favia ananas (2>ars) Oken, Lehrbnch Naturgesch. , Zool., i, p. 67, 1815. 

 Astrea ananas Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert., ii, p. 260, 1816. 

 Astrea ananas LeSueur, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vi, p. 285, pi. xvi, fig. 



12, 1820. 

 Astrea ananas Lamouroux, Exp. Meth. Gen. Polyp., p. 59, pi. xlvii, fig. 6, 



(after Ellis and Sol.) 

 Favia ananas and Favia fragum Milne-Edwards and Haime, Hist. Nat. Corall.. 



ii, pp. 435-439, 1857. 

 Favia incerta, p. 351 [75], pi. x, figs. 13, 14 ; + Favia eoarctata, p. 352 [76], pi. 



x, figs. 17, 18 ; + Favia ananas, p. 352, Duchassaing and Michelotti, Mem. 



Corall. Ant., 1861 (t. Vaughan, from types). 

 Favia ananas Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, p. 48, 1864. 

 Favia fragum Verrill, these Trans., i, p. 355, 1868. 

 Astrcea ananas and A. eoarctata Quelch, Narrative Chall. Exp. Zool., i, pt. i, 



foot-note, p. 146, 1885. 

 Astrcea eoarctata, pp. 9, 12, 98; +Astrma incerta; + Astrcea ananas, p. 12. 



98 ; + Astrcea fragum, pp. 13, 98, 99, Quelch, Reef Corals, Chall. Exp. Zool., 



xvi, 1886. 

 Favis ananas Gregory, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, li, p. 260, 1895. 

 Favia fragum Vaughan, Samml. Geol. Reichs-Mus., Leiden, ii, p. 24, 1901. 



Plate XIII. Figures 1, 2. 

 The name ananas, as applied to this species, dates from Pallas, 

 1766, who described it very well indeed. But the name, as used 

 previously by Linne (Syst., ed. x, p. 797) was particularly applied to 

 a Gothland fossil coral of the genus Acervularia. So it should, with- 

 out doubt, be dropped for this living species, to which it has been 

 so long applied. However, this name has also been applied, by the 

 earlier writers, to other existing species, so that its synonymy is 

 complex. Fortunately the early name fragum is available and has, 

 apparently, not often been applied to other species, so that its use 

 for this one can hardly lead to any confusion. My own experience, 

 based on a study of large numbers of specimens, living and dead, is 

 in accord with that of Mr. Vaughan, as to the necessity of uniting 

 the several forms described by Duch. and Mich, and by Quelch as 



