216 bufonid^:. 



granular, the granules being larger and more distant 

 from oDe another on the lower belly and under the 

 thighs ; these granules may be tipped with horny 

 spines, which are often black, especially in old 

 females. 



Brown, olive, greyish, or red above, uniform, or 

 with dark brown or blackish spots or marbliugs; some 

 females handsomely marbled with dark brown, with 

 yellow spots between the marbliugs, others pale olive 

 with rusty spots ; females and young often with the 

 parotoids and the larger warts brick-red ; parotoids 

 (with rare exceptions) margined on the outer side 

 with dark brown or black, which may extend as a band 

 along the upper side of the flanks, this being more 

 usually and markedly the case in Chinese and Japanese 

 specimens. In these Oriental specimens a fine yellow 

 vertebral line is often present. Lower surfaces dirty 

 white, greyish, or brownish, often flesh-colour under 

 the thighs, uniform, or more or less spotted with brown 

 or blackish ; these spots are very large, and often form 

 handsome marbliugs in Asiatic specimens. Iris red 

 or copper-colour, more or less vermiculated with black, 

 rarely (in males) golden, scarcely tinged with red. 



Male distinguished from the female 

 Fig. 80. by much stronger, more muscular fore 

 limbs, fuller webs between the toes, a 

 shorter body, usually a smoother skin, 

 and, during the breeding season, by the 

 presence of black, horny spinules form- 

 ing bands on the inner upper side of 

 the three inner finders and the inner 

 carpal tubercle. These excrescences 

 sometimes persist long after the pairing 

 Lower view of left ^ s over ; Boscii, in Spain, at Valencia, 

 hand of male, noticed males bearing* them in August 

 and December, and I have found them 

 well developed in English specimens captured on land 

 in August and September. Vocal sacs are absent. 

 The male is smaller than the female, the disproportion 



