25 



separated from the face-parts and remain attached to the conjunctiva 

 which joins the vertex to the prothorax (Fig. 43). In the specialized 

 forms they remain attached to the face-parts. A peculiar modification 

 is found in the Eucleoidea (Figs. 17, 19, 23; se, ge) in which the eye- 

 pieces form movable flaps seemingly to protect and to cover the meso- 

 thoracic spiracles which lie underneath. The glazed eye-piece prob- 

 ably represents the pupal eye. 



Antennae. — These are always attached to the front and extend 

 laterad, curving to the ventral surface of the body mesad of the meso- 

 thoracic wings. They may always be identified without any trouble 

 (Figs. 1, 8, 1 1, 15, 28; a). In pupae with broadly pectinate antennae, 

 as the Saturniidae, the mesal portion is frequently elevated and has 

 been referred to as the "stem of the flagellum" of the antennae. 



Labial Palpi. — These appendages lie adjacent on the meson caudad 

 of the labrum except in the Eriocraniidae (Fig. 1, lp). They are 

 visible in the majority of pupae (Figs. 8, 15, 28, 45, 61). They are 

 frequently overlaid and concealed by the maxillae at their proximal 

 end as in Figures 61 and 67, lp. Often they are entirely concealed by 

 the maxillae with the exception of a small V-shaped piece just caudad 

 of the labrum (Fig. y2). This was thought by Scudder to be a special 

 piece for covering the base of the tongue. 



Maxillae. — Where labial palpi are visible they occupy a mesal po- 

 sition, caudad of the labrum, with the maxillae laterad of them. When 

 they are invisible and apparently absent, the maxillae lie adjacent on 

 the meson, often overlying and concealing the proximal ends of the 

 labial palpi as mentioned above. The maxillae (Figs. 1, 8, 17, 24, 

 28; mx) vary greatly in length but are never entirely lacking or con- 

 cealed in the pupa. They often extend beyond the caudal margin of 

 the wings, being sometimes free and sometimes soldered to other ap- 

 pendages. The greatest development is found in certain of the 

 Sphingidae where the maxillae do not extend beyond the caudal mar- 

 gin of the wings, but the extra length is taken up in a loop at the proxi- 

 mal end which forms the so-called "jug handle" of Sphinx pupae. The 

 maxillae are always measured on the meson from the caudal margin 

 of the labrum to their distal end and are usually compared in length 

 with the wings, which are measured from the caudal margin of the 

 labrum to their caudal margin on the meson. 



Maxillary Palpi. — Each palpus is represented on each side by a 

 subrectangular or triangular area caudad of the eye-pieces and lying 

 along the cephalic margins of the prothoracic and mesothoracic legs, 

 frequentlv reaching as far mesad as the proximo-lateral angle of each 

 maxilla. The normal position of these appendages is discussed under 



