34 



f. Suture adjacent to the proximal ends of the antennae 

 and separating the clypeus and front always present 

 and very distinct; antennae never broadly pectinate 

 so that the width is one fifth of the length; spiracular 

 furrows often present. 



g. Antennae usually considerably broader near the prox- 

 imal end, their greatest width usually greater than 

 that of the prothoracic legs ; antennae usually more 

 than three fourths the length of the wings, if not, then 

 the epicranial suture is present, or the cremaster is 

 wanting, or if present, bifurcate at the distal end or 

 bearing hooked setae ; dorsum of the abdomen usually 

 with a deep furrow between the ninth and tenth seg- 

 ments; scar of a caudal horn never present on the 

 dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment ; labial pal- 

 pi sometimes visible as small triangular or polygonal 

 areas caudad of the labrum. NOTODONTOIDEA 



gg. Antennae rarely very much broader near the proxi- 

 mal end, usually filiform, their greatest width seldom 

 greater than that of the prothoracic legs, if greater 

 then the cremaster is never wanting, nor bifurcate, 

 nor with hooked setae; antennae never more than 

 three fourths the length of the wings; epicranial 

 suture never present ; dorsum of the abdomen never 

 with a deep furrow between the ninth and tenth seg- 

 ments; scar of a caudal horn usually present on the 

 dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment ; labial pal- 

 pi never visible. SPHINGOIDEA. 



ff. Suture adjacent to the proximal ends of the antennae 

 and separating the front and clypeus obsolete for the 

 greater part of its length; antennae always broadly 

 pectinate and the width at least one fifth of the length 

 and often wider; spiracular furrows seldom present. 



SATURNIOIDEA. 



PUPAE WITH FUNCTIONAL MANDIBLES 



Among the Trichoptera, from which the Lepidoptera are supposed 

 to have descended and to which they are known to be very closely 

 related, there are many pupae which have functional mandibles. 

 They function, though, merely to assist the pupa to escape from the 

 cocoon. Among the generalized Lepidoptera the pupae of one super- 



