52 



been towards ( i ) a reduction of the spines on the dorsum of the ab- 

 dominal segments, these disappearing first from the tenth segment and 

 then from the segments cephalad of it; (2) the loss of setae on the 

 anal rise; and (3) the development of a long cremaster. The families 

 of Tortricoidea may be separated by the following table : 



a. Body without a distinct cremaster; setae always present on the anal 



rise Epiblemidae. 



aa. Body with a well-developed cremaster. 



b. Ninth abdominal segment always with a distinct row of spines, 

 especially in the males; tenth abdominal segment sometimes 

 possessing spines ; cremaster broader than long ; setae always pres- 

 ent on the anal rise, 

 c. Cremaster never curved vcntrad, the caudo-lateral angles not pro- 

 duced into prominent hooks ; the caudal margin usually showing 

 three short lobe-like projections; second abdominal segment 

 with the cephalic row of spines present and the caudal row well 

 developed; setae of the anal rise always laterad of the anal 



opening Olethreutidae. 



cc. Cremaster curved ventrad, the caudo-lateral angles produced 

 into prominent hooks; second abdominal segment lacking the 

 cephalic row of spines and the caudal row poorly developed ; 

 setae of the anal rise always on the caudal part of the eleva- 

 tion TORTRICIDAE. 



bb. Ninth abdominal segment lacking a distinct row of spines, although 

 a few spines are sometimes present in the males; setae never 

 present on the anal rise; cremaster nearly always longer than 

 broad ; tenth abdominal segment never possessing spines. 



Sparganothidae. 



Family Epiblemidae 



The pupae belonging to this family (Figs. 38, 39) have no cre- 

 master and there are always setae present on the anal rise. They are 

 usually less than 10 mm. in length and slender, tapering gradually 

 from the thoracic region to the somewhat blunt end of the body. The 

 genus Carpocapsa is sometimes an exception as the body is often very 

 stout, and the genus Eucosma has a cylindrical body strongly resem- 

 bling the pupae of the Aegeriidae. The maxillary palpi usually extend 

 to the proximo-lateral angles of the maxillae; only Epinotia and 

 Enarmonia of the genera studied had shorter palpi. The maxillae are 

 about two fifths the length of the wings, and the labial palpi are usually 

 half the length of the maxillae. The rows of spines on the dorsum 

 vary somewhat in the different genera. All have two rows present on 

 abdominal segments 2-7 although the cephalic row of segment two is 

 weak in Eucosma, Hemimene, and some species of Ancylis. Occa- 



