65 



From a careful study of the pupal characters available it seems to be 

 more nearly related to the Bucculatrigidae than to any other family. 

 A comparison of Figure 57 or 59 with 67 will show that the develop- 

 ment in the Lyonetiidae has not been towards the shortening of the 

 segments and the consolidation of abdominal segments 8—10 as in 

 the Phyllocnistidae. Moreover, it still retains the generalized type 

 of body found in the Nepticulidae, while the Phyllocnistidae have 

 developed the cylindrical type. The shape of the maxillae and the 

 position of the femur of the prothoracic leg are as in the Bucculatrig- 

 idae, and like them the Lyonetiidae have no labial palpi visible. The 

 Lyonetiidae do not spend their pupal life within the mine, nor in a 

 cocoon, but are exposed and fixed by the caudal end to some cross 

 threads on the under surface of the leaf (Clemens, Tineina of N. 

 America, 1872, pp. 189-191). The soldering down of the appendages 

 and the loss of motion of the abdominal segments seems to be a modi- 

 fication to suit the new conditions of life, and is analogous to the con- 

 dition found in certain families of Papilionoidea and the species of 

 the genus Elachista, in which all power of motion is lost. Bedellia 

 has developed certain ridges and projections, similar to those found 

 in the Papilionoidea, which seem to be correlated with this manner 

 of pupal life. Only two genera of Lyonetiidae were studied. These 

 were from 4-6 mm. in length and may be separated as follows : 



a. Head blunt, without a prominent projection; antennae and meta- 

 thoracie legs equal in length ; caudal end of body with a few straight 

 spines on the dorsal surface of the tenth abdominal segment : body 

 without prominent ridges Proleucoptera Busck. 



aa. Head with a long projection; antennae much longer than the meta- 

 thoracic legs; caudal end of body with hooked setae; body with 

 prominent ridges Bedellia Stainton. 



The following species were examined : 

 Proleucoptera smilaciclla Busck 

 Bedellia somnulcntella Zeller 



Family Gracilariidae 



This large family includes those pupae with free appendages and 

 with abdominal segments 4-7 free in the male and 4-6 in the female. 

 The antennae and metathoracic legs are of approximately the same 

 length and both are longer than the wings. The most nearly related 

 family, the Phyllocnistidae, differs in having on the dorsum of each 

 abdominal segment two prominent pits or punctures with heavily 

 chitinized edges associated with some large curved spines, in having 



