90 



dd. Abdominal segments caudad of the wings not rapidly taper- 

 ing to form a hemisphere ; dorsum of abdomen never with a 

 transverse ridge, 

 e. Mesothorax prominently elevated ; head with a transverse 

 ridge forming slightly produced cephalo-lateral angles; 



cremaster with hooked setae Satyrinae. 



ee. Mesothorax not prominently elevated ; head never with a 

 tranverse ridge ; caudal end of body without hooked setae ; 

 cremaster never present Oeneinae. 



Subfamily Nymphalinae 



This subfamily includes all the genera with prominent tubercles on 

 the surface of the body. There are usually seven rows of these, 

 mostly on the dorsal surface of the abdomen, as follows : a dorso- 

 mesal row ; on each side of this a dorso-lateral row ; and a row dorsad 

 and ventrad of the abdominal spiracles on each side (Fig. 81). The 

 majority of species have a cephalo-lateral projection on each side of 

 the head ; in some these are very prominent ; in others, reduced to 

 small rounded tubercles or wanting. The body is usually strongly con- 

 vex near the caudal margin of the wings on the ventral surface, and 

 the cremaster is curved ventrad. The cremaster is more prominent 

 in this subfamily than in the family Papilionidae and bears a mass of 

 short hooked setae at its distal end. The species of Nymphalinae 

 have been grouped into three tribes, mostly according to the size and 

 arrangement of the tubercles. These three tribes may be separated 

 as follows : 



a. Dorso-mesal tubercles smaller than those of the dorso-lateral rows; 

 cremaster never with prominent lateral projections at the base, 

 b. Cremaster longer than broad ; dorso-mesal tubercles always pres- 

 ent on abdominal segments 3-8 and usually on the second seg- 

 ment Vaxessini. 



bb. Cremaster usually broader than long ; dorso-mesal tubercles often 

 wanting and never present cephalad of the fourth segment. 



Argynnini. 



aa. Dorso-mesal tubercles equal in size to those of the dorso-lateral rows ; 



cremaster always with a lateral projection on each side at the base. 



Melitaeini. 

 Tribe VANESSINI 



This tribe includes the species with all the rows of tubercles repre- 

 sented and most of them complete. The tubercles of the dorso-mesal 

 row are considerably smaller than those of the dorso-lateral row, 

 which are usually very prominent. The rows of tubercles on either 



