127 



row is present in all members of Group A except Ennomos and in a 

 few members of Group D. These dorsal furrows are found in other 

 families, notably in the Gelechiidae and some Pyralididae. 



The attempt to classify the pupae of Geometridae was seriously 

 hampered by lack of material. Reared material was very hard to ob- 

 tain, as the larvae develop slowly and seem to be very susceptible to 

 disease. The available material, moreover, did not seem to fall in 

 with any of the existing schemes of classification, so that the only 

 practical solution of the difficulty was to divide them into groups ac- 

 cording to the pupal characters. These may or may not be natural 

 groups, but they will serve to indicate relationships in some degree. 

 According to the pupal characters there seem to be two large divi- 

 sions, one with hooked setae on the cremaster, the other without them. 

 As the presence of hooked setae is a more generalized character, 

 the groups in which they are present should be the more generalized, 

 and the presence of the epicranial suture strengthens this view. 

 Group A includes representatives of the subfamilies Sterrhinae, En- 

 nominae, and Hydriomeninae as listed by Dyar. Group B includes 

 for the present only the genus Haematopsis. Group C includes the 

 genera Alsophila and Brephos, which are similar in many respects and 

 possess the same type of cremaster. This must also be considered as 

 a generalized group since the epicranial suture is present in Alsophila. 

 Brephos has usually been considered as the most generalized geomet- 

 rid, but no epicranial suture has been located. The maxillae are 

 also much shorter in Alsophila. In Group D the epicranial suture is 

 never present. Spiracular furrows are frequently found in Groups 

 A and D. The adult females of some of the geometrid species are 

 apterous. Although abundant material of one such species, Paleac- 

 rita vernata, was examined, the pupal wings were found as well 

 developed in the female as in the male. These groups of Geometridae 

 may be separated as follows : 



a. Cremaster with hooked setae. 



b. Setae of the cremaster always of two sizes, usually either the two 

 or four farthest caudad much larger than the others ; dorsum of 

 abdomen usually with a deep furrow between abdominal seg- 

 ments 9 and 10 ; body never with a bifurcate projection at the 



cephalic end Group A. 



bb. Setae of the cremaster always of the same size; dorsum of abdo- 

 men never with a furrow between segments 9 and 10 ; body with 

 a long bifurcate projection at the cephalic end, densely covered 

 with hooked setae Group B. 



