195 



HABITS OF IMAGINES 



The imagines feed upon nectar and sap. They are usually rare, 

 and normally occur in proximity to a suitable larval habitat. 



Xiphura fumipennis Osten Sacken 



Ctenophora fumipennis Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1864, p. 47. 



Larva. — Head black, heavily chitinized, antenna short and stout, 

 with a very short apical appendage (PI. XXXII, Fig. 21) ; mandibles 

 very robust, with 2 strong apical teeth (Fig. 25) ; labium dentate 

 along its anterior margin, the central tooth simple; hypopharynx as 

 in Figure 23, Plate XXXII, the anterior margin transverse. 



Pupa (PI. XXXII, Fig. 24). — Length, 22 mm. Dark brown, 

 slightly shining. Thoracic respiratory organs glossy black. Abdom- 

 inal spines dark castaneous at bases, becoming pale at apices. 



Head without protuberances, the organs in the same positions 

 and of the same form as in Tipula; antenna extending beyond base of 

 wing. Thoracic respiratory organs robust, about twice as long as 

 their greatest width, heavily chitinized, their margins irregular (Fig. 

 20). Abdomen with strong leaf -like process at apices of segments, 

 the tips of which are very acute; lateral margin of segments with the 

 same armature as in Tipula, one simple process before spiracles and 

 another, bifid, behind them ; spiracles small but distinct ; apical segment 

 elongated, its apical half consisting of 2 long upper, and 2 shorter 

 lower, processes. 



The foregoing descriptions were made from the larval and pupal 

 exuvia of a female specimen reared by Dr. H. Glasgow, June 8, 19 10. 

 The larva was found in a much-decayed chestnut log in the Auger- 

 ville woods, Urbana, 111. 



Subfamily TIPULINAE 



SUBFAMILY CHARACTERS 



Larva. — Head heavily chitinized ; antennae longer than maxil- 

 lary palpi ; mandibles stout ; labium well developed, usually dentate ; 

 hypopharynx large. Body without surface pilosity or with very short 

 and dense pile; arrangement of bristles as shown in Figure 1, Plate 

 XXVIII. Apical segment with 6 finger-like processes, sometimes of 

 very unequal length ; spiracles large. 



Pupa. — Head usually with 2 small membranous protuberances 

 above bases of antennae ; antennae not swollen at base, and often with 



