302 



Pupa (PI. XLV, Fig. 2). — Length, 2.5-3.5 mm. Darker than the 

 larva. 



Head declivitous anteriorly (PI. XLV, Fig. 3); antennae much 

 longer than in Bibio, extending to bases of wings (Fig. 4) ; palpi 

 directed slightly cephalad. Thoracic respiratory organs (Fig. 5) 

 furcate, as long as width of thorax; fore tarsi overlying mid femora, 

 ending much proximad of apices of mid pair, the latter ending at 

 apices of wings and very slightly proximad of apices of hind pair 

 (Fig. 4). Basal segment of abdomen shorter than second and without 

 an elevated spiracle (Fig. 3), the next 6 segments with stalk-like spir- 

 acles; entire body without hairs or bristles. 



The foregoing descriptions were made from examples obtained 

 from cattle cars on the railroad siding at White Heath, 111., June 24, 

 19 1 6. These cars had not been cleaned, and there was about four 

 inches of straw and manure in the bottom of each, in which were 

 thousands of larvae of Rhcgmoclema, Sciara, Muscidae, Borborus, 

 Leptocera, and Coleoptera. Such cars serve to disseminate manure- 

 frequenting species, and should not be allowed to stand for a week 

 or two uncleaned on sidings, as in this case. 



I have also reared R. atrata from rotten plums. 



Paper on North American Scatopsidae 



Melander, A. L. 



'16. The dipterous family Scatopsidae. Bull. 30, Wash. Agr. Exper. 

 Station, Div. Ent. and Zool. (1916) 



Family SIMULIIDAB 



This family is of very small extent, consisting of but three genera. 

 The species are not very numerous, but some of them occur in vast 

 numbers in certain parts of this country and in Europe. The com- 

 mon names black-flies, sand-flies, and buffalo-gnats have been applied 

 'to them in this country. 



In 1914 I published a revision of the North American species 

 which will be found useful to any student of the group who intends 

 making identifications of our native species. This and other papers 

 on the Simuliidae are listed at the end of this summary of the family. 



FAMILY CHARACTERS 



Larva (PI. XLVI, Fig. 1). — Head complete; maxillae very large, 

 armed with very large mouth-brushes ; labium dentate ; thorax with 



