STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 279 



The amount of land under beef cultivation in France, at the present 

 time, is estimated to be one hundred and ten thousand hectares. In 

 eighteen hundred and fifty-seven, ten years ago, it was only fifty-two 

 thousand hectares. 



The price of raw sugar at the present time in Prance is from sixt} T - 

 one to seventy francs per one hundred kilograms. To this must bo added 

 the duty, which, on beet root sugar is forty-two francs per one hundred 

 kilograms, and on French colonial sugar, thirtv-seven and a half francs. 

 After being refined, this sugar sells for one hundred and twenty-five to 

 one hundred francs per one hundred kilograms, which includes the duty. 

 The production of beet root sugar in France is over two hundred million 

 kilograms. About the same amount is imported. The consumption is two 

 hundred and fifty million kilograms, and the difference is exported, in the 

 form of refined sugar, to England, Switzerland, America, Algiei'S, and 

 other countries. 



It will be seen that France nearly supplies her own consumption of 

 sugar, although (as has before been shown) that consumption has 

 iucreased steadily every year. 



Germany. 



The development of this industry in Germany has been as remarkable 

 as in France, and its progress has been marked with the same success. 



While under the direction of the founder, Achard, who was assisted by 

 Government patronage, it was represented by two or three establish- 

 ments, and subsisted until eighteen hundred and fourteen. From that 

 time till eighteen hundred and thirty, there was very little or no sugar 

 manufactured in Germany. In eighteen hundred and thirty, measures 

 were taken to establish this industry, for its development in France proved 

 that the manufacture of sugar could be profitably carried on in Europe. 



Since the establishment of the Zollverein, this manufacture has been 

 greatly extended, but within the last eight years, particularly, it has 

 increased to such an extent as to completely drive foreign sugar from 

 the market. The factories are unequally distributed among the different 

 countries of the confederation. The greatest number is to be found in 

 Prussia, and particularly in Silesia and Saxony, the. soil of which is admi- 

 rably adapted to the cultivation of the beet. The increase of the number 

 of factories in Prussia is very marked. In eighteen hundred and forty, 

 there were only one hundred and two establishments; in eighteen hun- 

 dred and sixty-five, two hundred and thirty-four. 



In the Zollverein, as in France, the average amount of sugar produced 

 by each factory has largely increased within the last twenty years, and 

 the German manufacturers are enabled not only to work up more beets 

 per day than formerly, but to extract a much larger percentage of sugar, 

 the average being from five to eight per cent. 



This large average yield of sugar, which is so much larger than it is 

 in France, is one of the results of the different systems of agriculture 

 pursued in Germany, which system, in its turn, is due to the manner in 

 which the tax on the production of sugar is collected. In France the 

 duty is collected on the amount of sugar produced, and amounts to nearly 

 forty-four francs per every hundred kilograms. In some instances, how- 

 ever, the duty is collected on the juice, with the understanding that if 

 more sugar is produced than estimated, it shall also be liable to the tax. 

 In other words, the duty is collected on the manufactured article. 



In the Zollverein a different system exists. The tax is levied on the 



