280 TRANSACTIONS OF THE 



beet before it is rasped, at the rate of one and eighty-seven one-hundredths 

 francs per each hundred kilograms of roots. When the yield of sugar is 

 eight per cent., this amounts to a tax of twenty-three and forty-three one- 

 hundredths francs for every one hundred kilograms of the manufactured 

 article. If the German manufacturer can extract more than eight per 

 cent, of sugar from the beet, this increase is not taxed. With this system 

 it is easily seen that it is the interest of the manufacturer to have only 

 those beets produced which contain the greatest amount of sugar. It is 

 the custom, also, to cut off from the root, before it passes into the rasp, 

 all those parts, such as the neck, which contain the smallest amount of 

 sugar, and in which the salts and nitrogenous matters are more abun- 

 dant Such a system as this does not tend to encourage the agriculture 

 of the country. The manufacturers, in many cases, insist that certain 

 manures shall not be used on the land at all, and the land is never 

 manured previous to raising a crop of beets. The production per hectare 

 is consequently very much less than it is in France, the average being 

 only from twenty thousand to twenty-five thousand kilograms. Beets 

 raised in this manner contain, it is true, much more sugar, but produce 

 a smaller amount of waste pulp, which is used in other countries to so 

 great an extent for fodder and manure. In the Zollverein, the beet is 

 cultivated for its sugar alone, the object being to produce the greatest 

 amount of sugar by raising beets of the maximum sweetness. In 

 France, on the other hand, the beet industry is thorougbl}- agricultural, 

 and has for its object, not only the production of sugar, but also the 

 improvement and fertilization of the soil; and upon the successful culti- 

 vation of this plant the agriculture of many districts depend 



The States of the Zollverein have quadrupled their production during 

 the last fifteen years — one hundred and eight}- thousand tons of sugar 

 having been produced in eighteen hundred and sixty-five and eighteen 

 hundred and sixty-six, against fifty-two thousand five hundred and 

 eighty-six tons in eighteen hundred and fifty. 



The quantity of imported sugar has fallen during the same time from 

 fifty-two thousand five hundred and sixty-eight tons to twelve thousand 

 five hundred and sixty-two, showing that the foreign article has been 

 nearly driven from the market. 



In eighteen hundred and sixty five and eighteen hundred and sixty-six 

 there were thirty new establishments built and man}- old ones enlarged. 

 The average yield of sugar is eight per cent.; of molasses, two and forty 

 one-hundredths per cent. This includes the returns from poorly managed 

 factories and those worked under the old processes. The sugar produc- 

 tion of the Zollverein is at the present time one hundred and ninety 

 million kilograms. Much of the sugar is obtained from the infusion of 

 dried beet — the beets being sliced and dried, and sent in this condition 

 to the manufactory. As an illustration of the proportions which a 

 manufactory may assume when conducted under this system, we may 

 cite the establishment at Waghausel, near Carlsruhe, in the Duchy of 

 Baden, in which three thousand people are employed, a capital of eighty 

 million franca (sixteen million dollars) invested, and twelve acres of land 

 covered with buildings. 



The consumption of sugar in the Zollverein, for the j'ear eighteen 

 hundred and sixty-seven, was one hundred and sixty thousand tons. 



Austria. 



The beneficial results produced by the introduction of this new indus- 

 try into Austria are shown by the fact that the amount of sugar con- 



