classification. 5 



4. Bruch, 1863. 



'vertical : Orthoglena . . . Pelobatides- 



(Pelobates. 

 I Bombinator, 



1 Pelodytes. 

 Pupil \Alytes. 



(Hyloides . Hyla. 

 .round or horizontal : Plagioglena j Banoides . Bana. 



\Bufonides . Bufo. 



This arrangement is merely the application of the 

 views expressed by Thomas in 1854. 



5. Cope, 1865. 



Aglossa. 



Bufoniformia . . Bufonidse . Bufo. 



{Discoglossus. 

 Alytes. 

 Bombinator . 



Scaphiopodidte [pf^ytes 



Sylidse . . Hyla. 

 Raniformia ...... Banidse . . Bana. 



The Bufoniformia correspond to the Bufoniformes 

 of Dumeril and Bibron ; the Arcifera are separated 

 from the Baniformia, which agree in the presence of 

 teeth, by the structure of the pectoral arch ; and the 

 Discoglossidae are defined for the first time by the 

 opisthoccelous vertebree provided with autogenous 

 ribs. Some further improvements were introduced in 

 1867, when the Bufoniformia were split into two 

 groups, based on the structure of the pectoral arch, 

 that group corresponding to the Baniformia among 

 the toothed forms, being named Firmisternia, a term 

 the signification of which I have extended to embrace 

 all non-arciferous forms, whether toothed or not — an 

 improvement since accepted by Cope himself. 



6. Mivart, 1869, in one of his classical papers pub- 

 lished by the Zoological Society of London, endea- 

 voured to combine Giinther's and Cope's classifications, 

 but his arrangement does not differ materially from 



