116 INTRODUCTION. 



generally distributed over France and the Spanish 

 Peninsula, becoming gradually more local and scarcer 

 east of the Rhine, and not extending into Russia nor 

 south of the Alps. 



As Eastern forms we may regard Bombinator igneus, 

 Bufo viridis, and liana arvalis, which do not extend 

 to Belgium and France, although in North Africa 

 Bufo viridis reaches the Atlantic coast of Morocco, 

 Bana camerani (Caucasus, Armenia, North-west 

 Persia), and Bana grseca (Greece, Bosnia, Italy). 

 Pel abates fuscus is characteristic of Central Europe. 



Bombinator pachypus and liana agilis have an exten- 

 sive but somewhat irregular distribution, being absent 

 from the north and north-east and the Pyrenean 

 Peninsula. 



Three species have a very restricted range, viz. 

 Alytes cistemasii (Pyrenean Peninsula), Bana iberica 

 (Pyrenean Peninsula), and Bana. latastii (Italy). 



Bana teniporaria may be regarded as a northern 

 species, reaching the extreme north and disappearing, 

 or confined to the mountains, in the south ; whilst 

 Bana esculenta and Hyla arborea extend very far 

 south, and are absent from the extreme north. 



With regard to the range from north to south, the 

 twenty species may be classed in the following order : 



Northern limit. 



1. Bana temporaria 70° 



2. Bufo vulgaris 65 



3. Bana arvalis 60 



* k [Bana esculenta 59 



[Pel abates fuscus 59 



r _ (Bufo viridis 58 



' '[Bufo calamita 58 



8. Hyla arborea, 57 



9. Bombinator igneus 56 



10. Bombinator pachypus 53 



-. -. , (Alytes obstetricans 52 



[Bana agilis 52 



13. Pelodytes punctatus 51 



