No. 63.] 113 



provender, and if kept in stables, a few carrots or apples three or 

 four times a week; hogs require charcoal, rotten wood, or other simi- 

 lar matters, occasionally; and the sheep grower will find a great 

 advantage in frequently spreading over the bottom of the troughs 

 from which his sheep take their salt, a little tar, and sprinkling the 

 salt upon it. It must be remembered that domesticated animals are 

 not in the state of nature, and require a treatment in some respects 

 founded on their state of subjection. 



Where a farm is subjected to a regular course of rotation, the for- 

 mation of pasture and meadow land follows as part of the system, 



-. , , and no difficulty is experienced. But there are many 



Meadow and j r j 



pasture. farms in the country, where, from the nature of the soil, 

 or from location, rotation is not deemed proper, and more attention is 

 given to grazing than to grain. In such, the management or occa- 

 sional renovation of meadow and pasture land, becomes an object of 

 much consequence, as every farmer is aware that in a course of years 

 the cultivated and valuable grasses are apt to run out, and have their 

 places occupied by the more hardy, but coarser indigenous and com- 

 paratively useless grasses. In all such cases, re-seeding the land with 

 the cultivated grasses becomes necessary; and several ways have 

 been recommended for doing this without going through a series of 

 cropping. One of these is to sow the requisite quantity of the de- 

 sired grass seeds over the deteriorated turf, and then with a sharp 

 toothed heavy harrow, incorporate the seed with the soil by repeatedly 

 passing over it. In this case, if a dressing of fine manure is added, 

 the seeds will be found to spring more freely, and occupy the ground 

 more quickly. Another method is to turn over the turf in the spring, 

 lay it smooth, apply a dressing of manure, and plant it to corn. 

 This crop is cultivated without hilling; at the time of the last hoe- 

 ing, the grass seeds are sown over the corn, and covered with 

 the hoe, care being taken to leave the ground as level as possi- 

 ble. The seeds spring up, and protected by the corn from the sun, 

 get such root that they rarely suffer when the corn is removed in the 

 fall. This method has been very successful on light lands, or such 

 as were subject to drouth, and on which spring sown grass-seed is 

 liable to suffer from this cause. A third method is, to turn over the 

 defective meadow or pasture in the fall. In the spring give a dress- 

 ing of manure, and sow to spring wheat, oats, or barley, as the cha- 

 racter of the soil may indicate as most suitable. On these the grass 



