STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 4 7 



4 a. — Cultivation in the Second and Subsequent Years in the Nursery, as 

 applicable especially to the Apple, with reference to freedom from injury 

 by Insects and Fungoid Parasites. 



ist. Cultivation of the soil similar to that of the first year. 2d. 

 The sulphur and lime to be used the same as the year before. The first 

 thing to be looked after in the winter or early spring is the larvae of the 

 leaf-crumpler {Fhysita nibuld^). This is readily discovered ; as a little 

 bunch of dried leaves strung to the twigs by a silken thread, the larvae 

 will be found in this, encased in a little horn-shaped case. These should 

 be carefully picked off and destroyed. (It is best not to burn or crush 

 these, as many of them are parasitized ; if not destroyed, the parasite, 

 being mature, will develop, and go on with its good work ; while if the 

 Physita larvffi are merely " dumped" on the ground a little way from 

 any trees, it at this time not being mature, will certainly starve.) Hand 

 picking is the only remedy for these crumplers, as well as for other small 

 noxious and sometimes very destructive caterpillars, to wit : the Lesser 

 Apple Leaf-folder {Tortrix Malivarona), known by its usually folding 

 together the apex of a leaf, and feeding between the folds ; the Apple 

 Leaf-folder and the Apple Leaf Sheletonoyer. Of these, the first one is 

 protected from destructive applications by the folds of the leaf on which 

 it feeds; and the last one by a web which it spins, and under which it 

 feeds. The last may be seen by a brown patch near the base of the leaf ; 

 these are the larvae of quite small moths, and as these are generally two 

 or more brooded, great care should be taken to destroy the first brood in 

 the larvje state, by searching for and crushing them between the thumb 

 and fingers, as it appears there is no other way of reaching them. If the 

 first brood are «// destroyed, there can be no second brood. They should 

 be carefully sought for from about the middle of June to the first of July, 

 and destroyed. The lime and sulphur will be of great help in holding 

 them in check. Borers are sometimes injurious in the nursery, but will 

 be found under the next head. 



II. — Orchard Culture. 



1 b. — Trees for the Orchard should be sound and free from Insects, and the 



Fg^s of Insects. 



If infested with bark-lice {coccidce), they should be rejected; if with 

 root-lice, their roots should be thoroughly washed in strong soap-suds. 

 Eggs of the White Tussock moth should be destroyed. 



2 b. — Selection of Site a?td Preparation of the Soil. 



The orchard should have a high, dry, well-drained situation, soil 

 neither too rich nor poor, as such a location is more free from noxious 

 insects and fungi than low, wet poorly drained situations (?j, and the 

 trees make a stronger matured growth, therefore better able to withstand 

 climatic changes and the attacks of insects and fungi. If such a proper 

 selection is made, it needs no other preparation than such as would be 



