50 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS 



the grub if left alone. A place attacked by this grub on a tree is 

 most liable to be so again the next year, therefore should be carefully 

 watched. 



Trees infested by bark-lice may be partially cleared of them by wash- 

 ing with an alkaline wash (and thoroughly dusting with the lime and 

 sulphur compound), at the time the young are hatched out, which is from 

 May the ist to June the 15th, according to season and latitude. (These 

 young lice are very small and delicate ; when hatched from the eggs 

 under the scales, they crawl around for a few days and then fix themselves 

 to the bark, and never move again, and soon become covered with a hard 

 shell, which acts as a protection, and a most perfect one, too, during the 

 rest of their existence ; hence they are hard to destroy, except when in 

 the young fmoving) state. These lice, though small and insignificant- 

 looking things, are exceedingly hurtful to trees infested with them ; their 

 immense number, sucking the vital juices of the trees during the entire 

 season, fearfully weakens them, and too great pains cannot be taken to 

 prevent their gaining a foothold in the orchard, and to destroy them if 

 they should. 



Fine lime dust, sprinkled over the trees at this time, is not only 

 useful for these young bark-lice, but also for leaf-lice {aphidas) and the 

 codling-moth. 



Nests of the tent caterpillar, fall web-worm, and other insects that feed 

 and nest together (gregarious), should be carefully removed from the 

 trees and destroyed. {Item. — Be careful that the caterpillars are /;/ their 

 nests when taking them off.) 



For the destruction of the canker-worm {Anesopteryx pometarid), the 

 rope bands, with encircling tin bands, as recommended by Dr. LeBaron, 

 is recommended. See Illinois State Horticultural Society's Report, A''ol. 

 IX., page 122. The late fall plowing already spoken of destroys a large 

 portion of the chrysalids of this insect, and when done for this purpose, 

 should be as late (and the soil all carefully turned over and broken up, 

 especially under the trees near the trunk), and left as rough as possible. 



I d. — Protection of the Fruit from Insects. 



The codling moth, or core- worm of the apple {Carpocapsa pomonella) 

 is best combated by thoroughly dusting the trees from above downwards, 

 so that it may fall into the calyx of the young apples, with the lime and 

 sulphur preparation finely powdered. This should be done immediately 

 after the petals of the flowers fall, and the young fruit begins to form. If 

 delayed too long, the worm will have entered the apple, and be out of 

 reach of the lime. (The lime dust is also very distasteful to the moth. 

 The egg from which this apple-worm is hatched is laid by a small, noctur- 

 nal moth, in the calyx or blossom end of the apple ; it soon hatches, and 

 the young caterpillar eats its way into the core of the apple, where it feeds 

 about thirty-four days, when it eats its way out and seeks a secure hiding- 

 place in which to spin its cocoon, and undergo its transformations. In 

 its cocoon it soon changes to a pupa, and in about twelve days emerges as 

 a moth, ready in a few days to lay its eggs in the apples. The use of the 



