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adapted to the climate and soil. There is cause to fear that the Short- 

 Horns would degenerate under the best management, particularly when 

 exposed to the rigorous winters. At that time, all stock should have 

 close shelters, for warmth tends to keep the animal in good condition — 

 being, in farmer's phrase, "half a belly full." The Herefords are 

 somewhat hardier, and I think might be more profitably kept by those 

 who have rich alluvial grass lands, and who can bestow the expense for 

 winter provision and accommodation ; and here I will remark, that the 

 most important object in the feeding and fattening of cattle is, that such 

 arrangements should be made, and such a supply of food provided for 

 winter consumption, that the grazier may be enabled to keep them 

 tlirough that trying season, and sell them when meat brings the highest 

 prices — from the beginning of February to the close of May. By this 

 procedure, he will not only obtain more for the sale of them, than the 

 autumnal markets would produce, but his stock will go off freely and 

 every market be in his favor. He will also obtain the largest possible 

 command of manure, and consequently be enabled to conduct his busi- 

 ness to the utmost profit. The farmer who can winter the most cattle or 

 sheep, will possess the means of keeping his land the most fertile, and 

 will be enabled more profitably to breed and graze the larger kinds of 

 cattle. 



In order to graze cattle to the best advantage, the land should be well 

 fenced in lots of about ten acres, so that they may be changed from one 

 pasture to the other ; beginning with the most inferior grass, and gradu- 

 ally removing them into the best. By this expedient, as cattL delight 

 in variety, they will cull the uppermost or choicest part of the grass, and 

 by filling themselves quickly, as well as by lying down much, they will 

 rapidly advance towards a proper state of fatness ; while the grass that 

 is left, may be fed off with laboring cattle, and lastly with store sheep. 

 Each field should be abundantly supplied with good water. Thus, the 

 greater and stronger cattle will be separated from the weaker ones ; for, 

 if cattle of various sizes are indiscriminately mingled together, the more 

 powerful beasts will master the others, driving them from place to place, 

 and trampling upon or wasting more food than they can eat. In 

 winter, also, each bullock should have a separate stall to feed and lie 

 down in, and then the weaker ones would have their share of the food, 

 and thrive faster by being allowed to rest in peace. All cattle, and 

 fattening cattle especially, should be kept well littered with straw, the 



