82 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF 



rapid growth of the village of Carnoustie, which has sprung up 

 almost entirely within the last fourteen years. The increase in 

 the other two parishes amounts to over lOs. per acre, the 

 greater part of which is certainly due to the development of the 

 land. The principal property in this neighbourhood is that of 

 Panmure, owned by the Earl of Dalhousie, who is by far the 

 largest proprietor in the county. He owns several estates, 

 situated chiefly in this neighbourhood, around Brechin, and 

 away up through the Grampian range. According to the Eeturn 

 of Owners of Lands and Heritages in 1872-73, the total area of 

 his property measures 136,602 acres, the gross annual value being 

 £55,601, 16s. The Panmure estate is one of the most impor- 

 tant. It extends into the parishes of Monifieth, Barry, Monikie, 

 Arbirlot, Carmyllie, St Vigeans, Inverkeillor, and Kinnell, all 

 lying along the east coast. Panmure House, a large palatial 

 mansion, is situated in the upper part of the parish of Panbride, 

 about four miles north-west from Carnoustie. The grounds are 

 both extensive and beautiful, while the gardens, wdiich have a 

 very fine situation, are kept in excellent condition. The policies 

 extend in all to 550 acres. The Home Farm or Mains of Pan- 

 mure, under the charge of Mr George Co we, Balhoiisie, consists 

 of about 200 acres of arable land, worked on the seven-course 

 rotation, with two years grass. A large flock of half-bred ewes 

 and a smaller flock of Border Leicesters are kept on the farm, 

 while a good many cattle are also grazed and fed. A few cows 

 are kept for the supply of milk. Each autumn a lob of two- 

 year-old cattle of the best class that can be obtained are bought 

 in and fed on turnips, straw^, and cake. They are generally sold 

 off in spring, and for six weeks before leaving, the allowance of 

 cake is very liberal. The soil on the Panmure estate varies 

 from the richest to the poorest of loam, part lying on a red 

 sandstone subsoil, part on a hard irony pan, part on a mode- 

 rately open mixture of clay and gravel, and part on porous sand. 

 The poorest land lies in Carmyllie, and the richest a mile or 

 two or more from the sea side. On the greater part of the 

 estate it is very good. On the better soil the seven-shift rotation 

 with wheat, potatoes, and two years grass prevails. A few also 

 work on the six courses. In the higher lying districts and 

 poorer soils the ordinary five or six-shift rotation is pursued, no 

 wheat and few potatoes being grown. Latterly, a good many 

 who formerly worked on the five-shift rotation have turned to 

 the six. The Panmure estate is very judiciously apportioned. 

 It contains a good many large farms, rented at from £500 to 

 close on a £1000; a great many medium sized farms rented 

 from £100 to £300 ; and a very large number of crofts or 

 pendicles and small farms rented at from £4 to £60. In the 

 parish of Carm3dlie alone there are over fifty pendicles. Twenty 



