1917] Mitra: Toxic and Antagonistic Effects of Salts on Wine Yeast 85 



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tration of 2.0M KC1 exerts a strong osmotic effect and that the toxicity 

 is due to osmotic influences rather than to the usual toxicity of the 

 ion itself. If this were true we would expect little antagonism from 

 other salts. 



Loeb 12 in his experiments with a jellyfish (Gonionemus) met with 

 a similar difficulty. In this case the KC1 concentration was so high 

 that a small concentration of NaCl did not remove the toxicity, and 

 so the combination inhibited the contraction of the animal, while the 

 same concentrations used in the case of another kind of fish, Fundulus, 

 allowed the development of embryos in the eggs. He has pointed out 

 the fact that in the embryos of Fund id us the solutions in which cleav- 

 age proceeds normally interferes seriously with the heartbeat of Coni- 

 om nuts, if the proportion of KC1 exceeds a certain limit. In this 

 instance we find proof of the fact that in the same organism cell- 

 division and muscular contractility are influenced by entirely different 

 combinations of ions, and therefore these vital activities must depend 

 on widely different chemical constitutions. However, the highest 

 growth in the case of yeast was obtained at H, where .6M KC1 and 

 .36M CaCL have been combined, a ratio of about 2:1. In the case of 

 KC1 alone the highest growth was obtained at .2M concentration, 

 allowing growth up to 30 1 -. millions per c.c. CaCL allowed growth 

 up to 19 millions at .01M concentration. 



Table 7 — Antagonistic Effects Between KCl and CaCi,o 



KCl vs. 

 No. CaCloM. Cone. 48 hrs. 96 hrs. 144 hrs. 192 hrs. 240 hrs. 



A .00 x .00 2,101,000 8,589,000 13,908,000 16,896,000 17,520,000 



B .00 x .72 



C .001 x .66 226,000 2,034,000 3,985,000 6,722,000 



D .01 x.60 452,000 4,972,000 13,315,000 18,604,000 22,720,000 



E .1 x.54 4,020,000 10,328,000 20,245,000 23,266,000 25.120,000 



F .2 x.48 5,558,000 12,840,000 22,190,000 26,880,000 29,380,000 



G .4 x.42 3,034,000 12,840,000 26,852,000 19,126,000 32,285,000 



H .6 x.36 1,017,000 8,398,000 13,645,000 28,904,000 34,500,000 



I .8 x.30 226,000 4,256,000 10,250,000 14,966,000 18,732,000 



J 1.0 x.24 2,965,000 6,126,000 9,551,000 16,159,000 



K 1.2 x.18 1,130,000 3,986,000 5,410,000 7,119,000 



L 1.4 x.12 452,000 2,550,000 2,712,000 4,438,000 



M 1.6 x.06 904,i 1,130.000 3,91 Hi. 000 



N 1.8 x.01 452,000 904,000 2,652,000 



O 2.0 x.001 226,000 1,130,000 



P 2.2 x.00 



