1917] Mitra: Toxic and Antagonistic Effects of Salts on Wine Yeast 87 



(&) Animals.— In regard to the development of embryos in the 

 eggs of Fund id us, Loeb 1 has met with a marked antagonism between 

 the two salts, using 75 c.c. of KC1 (5/8n) and 25 c.c. of CaCL (10/8n). 

 This combination allowed the development of a number of embryos, 

 while in the same concentration of KC1 alone no development was 

 shown. He also obtained a similar result with the muscular contrac- 

 tion of a jellyfish (Poly orchis), 15 thus showing an antagonistic effect 

 between the two salts. The same investigator 3 in his experiments with 

 the hydromedusa Gonionemus has shown that the combination of K 

 ion (5/8n) and Ca ion (10/8n) is poisonous to the animals. Anne 

 Moore 7 obtained a similar result in her experiments on the contraction 

 of the lymph heart of frogs. 



Meltzer and Auer 21 have shown that with rabbits and a monkey 

 in subcutaneous injection there is a limited antagonism between the 

 two salts. Matthews 11 with Fundulus met with a similar result. He 

 found that at the dilution of M/1600 CaCL to 6/8n KC1 the develop- 

 ment of embryos in the eggs was found to be the best. 



Lillie found that with the larvae of Arenicola the ciliary activity 

 went on when he used 97.5 c.c. CaCL (10/8n) and 2.5 c.c. KC1 (5/8n), 

 showing an antagonism between the two salts. 



(c) Bacteria. — Lipman 23 has shown that for Bacillus subtilis the 

 highest production of ammonia is found at the point where 100 c.c. 

 KC1 and 5 c.c. CaCL at the concentration of .35M is used, thus showing 

 a distinct antagonism between the two salts. His work has a striking 

 similarity to that of Osterhout on wheat. 



Summarizing the antagonism between K and Ca, it may be said 

 that the toxicity of high concentrations of Ca is greatly reduced by 

 the presence of K, but that the toxicity of high concentrations of K 

 is not appreciably reduced by small amounts of Ca. The optimum 

 ratio of KC1 to CaCL was about 2 :1 for yeast. 



SERIES VIII— ANTAGONISM BETWEEN MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE AND 



SODIUM CHLORIDE 



The experiments in this series were carried on in the same way as 

 the others. Both table 8 and the curves in figure 8 show that there 

 is a distinct antagonism between these two salts. The highest growth 

 in this case was found at G, the point where .4M MgCl 2 and .06M 

 NaCl were combined, a ratio of about 6:1. As already shown, when 

 used singly MgCL allows the highest growth at .1M, i.e., 261/. millions, 



