94 University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences [Vol.3 



For comparison with these results a few cases may be cited as 



follows : 



(a) Plants. — Osterhout 20 with wheat (Early Genesee) has shown 

 that the root develops better in a solution having 100 c.c. KC1 and 

 T.."> c.c. MgCL at .12M concentration than in KC1 alone. He also 

 found with a marine alga, 20 Enteromorpha hopkirkii, that both salts 

 arc poisonous when used alone, but a combination in the proportion 

 of 100 c.c. MgCL and 40 c.c. KC1 allows considerable growth. He 

 found a similar antagonism with liverworts. 20 



(6) Animals. — Matthews 11 found with Fundulus that in order to 

 permit development of the embryos in the eggs at the concentration 

 of 33/48n KC1 at least about M/160 MgCL is needed. He also found 

 that a solution of 6/8n KC1 requires M/80 MgCL to give the best 



result. 



(c) Bacteria. — Lillie" has shown that a combination of 10/8n 

 MgCL and 5/8n KC1 allows the ciliary activity of the larvae of 

 Art Nicola, which is stopped when one salt is used alone. 



To summarize, it may be said that a distinct antagonism was found 

 by Osterhout with higher and lower plants and by Matthews and 

 Lillie with animals. With yeast a slight antagonism is found, which 

 is shown on the curves in figure 10 on the side of MgCL. 



SERIES XI— ANTAGONISM BETWEEN CALCIUM CHLORIDE AND 



SODIUM CHLOEIDE 



The plan of this series of experiments was the same of that of the 

 others. In the case of simple salts both CaCL and NaCl were found 

 to be very toxic, and it may be owing to this extreme toxicity that 

 the combinations of the two salts showed increased toxicity. Both 

 from table 11 and the curves in figure 11 it is evident that this toxicity 

 is very marked. The highest growth was found at E, where .1M CaCL 

 ;in<l .12M NaCl have been combined in the ratio of 1:1. But even 

 here the number of yeast cells went up only to 8 millions, which is 

 far below the highest growth obtained when the salts were used alone. 

 However, CaCL shows slight antagonism to the toxicity of NaCl, for 

 example, .1M NaCL alone allows the growth only to one million, 

 while in combination with .1M CaCl it reached more than 8 millions. 

 On the whole, however, both from the table and the curves it is evident 

 that tin- combinations of the two salts are more toxic than the single 

 salts. 



