100 University of California Publications in Agricultural Sciences [Vol.3 



Binary salts Seas) Animals Plants Soil bacteria 



1. MgCl*vs. CaCl 2 + +and- + — 



2. KC1 vs. CaCL + and - + and - + + 



3. MgCl 2 vs. NaCl + + and - +and- + 



4. KC1 vs. NaCl + and - + + and - + and - 



5. KC1 vs. MgClj, + and- + + 



6. CaCL vs. NaCl +and— + + — 



= strong antagonism. + = mild antagonism. — = strong increase of toxicity. — = slight 

 increase of toxicity. 



3. Iii regard to the effects of valences of ions the following results 

 have been obtained with yeast: 



(o) That divalent ions may antagonize monovalent ions is evident from the 

 combinations of MgCL vs. NaCl and CaCL vs. NaCl. Ngative results were ob- 

 tained from the combinations of KC1 vs. CaCL and KC1 vs. MgCL. 



(6) That a divalent ion may be antagonized by a divalent ion is evident 

 from the combination of MgCL vs. CaCL. 



(c) That monovalent ions may antagonize divalent ions is shown in the 

 combinations of KC1 vs. CaCL; MgCL vs. NaCl and KC1 vs. MgCL. 



(d) That a monovalent ion may antagonize a monovalent ion, though not 

 very markedly, has been found in the combination of KC1 vs. NaCl. 



