1326 Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 



(sound organs). — Nachtweg, 1964 (1963) Insectes Sociaux 10: 359-378 (acoustics). 

 — Etterschank and Brown, 1964. Ent. Monthly Mag. 100: 5-7 (Malphigian tubules as 

 meristic characters). —Williams and Williams, 1964. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med. 116: 161-163 

 (toxicity studies of ant venom). —Cavil and Robertson, 1965. Science 149: 1337-1345 (ant 

 venoms, attractants and repellants). — Law, Wilson, and McCloskey, 1965. Science 149: 

 544-546 (biochemical polymorphism). —Brown, 1968. Amer. Nat. 102: 188-191 (function of 

 metapleural glands). — (Jotwald, 1969. Cornell Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem. 408, 150 pp. 

 (mouthparts). — Hermann, 1969. Ga. Ent. Soc., Jour. 4: 123-141 (poison apparatus). — Blum, 

 1969. Ann. Rev. Ent. 14: 57-80 (alarm pheromones). 



Subfamily DORYLINAE 



Members of this subfamily are known as army ants and are sometimes referred to as legiona- 

 ry ants in the New World and driver ants in the Old World. They are predaceous and are known 

 for their foraging expeditions the size of which are sometimes exaggerated. Army ants exhibit a 

 number of morphological and biological pectdarities not common to most ants such as wasplike 

 males, wingless termitelike females, blind workers, and their raiding and emigrating behavior. 

 Rettenmeyer (1963) outlined the following traits in which they differ from other ants: (1) They 

 feed almost exclusively on animal prey which is collected by large groups of raiding workers; (2) 

 their raiding columns usually connect to the nest by at least one continuous column; (3) the en- 

 tire colony periodically and frequently emigrates to new nest sites; (4) emigrations are largely 

 dependent on the size, caste, age, and range of ages of the brood (or broods); and (5) the colonies 

 are fovmded by division of an entire colony into two (or possibly several) daughter colonies. 

 Other ants may possess some of these traits, but not all of them. 



Much of the biological work on army ants has been done in Central America on the terrestrial 

 species of Eciton which bivouac in large clusters above the groimd and whose colonies may 

 number up to a million individuals. Most of the army ants, however, are subterranean in habit, 

 though the raiding columns of some may appear above ground. Raiding may be in columns only 

 several ants wide or in swarms of a fan-shaped pattern. Most of the prey is other Arthropods, 

 only occasionally vertebrates. All species have nomadic and statary activity cycles where the en- 

 tire colony moves from one area to another, a imique behavior studied by Schneirla and Retten- 

 meyer in the papers listed below. 



Borgmeier's revision of 1955 is the most definitive taxonomic work on this subfamily for the 

 New World. He recognized 137 species in 5 genera and 2 tribes. Only the tribe Ecitonini is found 

 in the United States; the other tribe, Cheliomyrmicini, includes a single genus of several species 

 foimd from Mexico to Brazil In the United States, most species are found in the Southwest, 

 though several reach the Atlantic coast and range north to Iowa, Ohio, and Virginia. Most of the 

 taxonomy is based on males and workers, and for some species only one caste is known. Further 

 study and association of castes may result in some synonymy, especially in Neivamyrmex. 



Revision: Smith, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 27: 537-590 (U. S.). — Borgmeier, 1955. Studia 

 Ent. 3: 1-716 (New World). — Watkins, 1976. The identification and distribution of New 

 World army ants, Baylor Univ. Press 102 pp. (keys to genera and spp. of workers and 

 males; distribution maps). 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1943. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 36: 319-332 (larvae). —Borgmeier, 1953. 

 Studia Ent. 2: 1-51. —Borgmeier, 1958. Studia Ent. l(n. s.): 197-208 (Ecitonini; 

 identification of females to genus). —Wheeler and Wheeler, 1964. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc. 

 66: 129-137 Oarvae). —Watkins 1972. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 45: 347-372 (U. S. 

 Neivamyrmex). 



Biology: Wheeler, 1900. Amer. Nat. 34: 563-574. —Wheeler, 1910. Ants, pp. 246-266. 



—Schneirla, 1933. Jour. Comp. Psychology 15: 267-299 (in Panama). —Schneirla, 1934. Nat. 

 Acad. ScL, Proc. 20: 316-321 (raiding and other phenomena). —Schneirla, 1938. Jour. Comp. 

 Psychology 25: 51-90 (theory of army ant behavior). — Schneirla, 1940. Jour. Comp. 

 Psychology 29: 401-460 (mass organization in the swarm-raiders). — Schneirla, 1944. N. Y. 

 Ent. Soc., Jour. 52: 153-192 (reproductive functions of queen as pace-makers of group 

 behavior). —Schneirla 1944. Amer. PhiL Soc. Proc. 87: 438-457 (nomadism in Eciton 

 hurchelli (Westwood)). —Schneirla, 1945. BioL BuL 88: 166-193 (nomad -statary relations in 

 swarmers; migration). — Schneirla, 1947. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1336: 1-20 (life and 



