

Superfamily FORMICOIDEA 1329 



Morphology: Borgmeier, 1957. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 17: 390 (maxillary and labial palps). 

 — Gotwald, 1969. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. (Cornell Univ.) Mem. 408, p. 127 (mouthparts). 



Genus NOMAMYRMEX Borgmeier 



Eciton subg. Nomamyrmex Borgmeier, 1936. Inst. Biol. Veg. Arq. 3: 55. 

 Type-species: Eciton crassicome Smith. Orig. desig. 



A genus of two species, a subspecies of only one reaching the United States. They are subter- 

 ranean though carrying on terrestrial raids. Raiding is in columns of several ants wade and a few 

 meters long and is sometimes done during the daylight hours. 



Revision: Borgmeier, 1955. Studia Ent. 3: 135-161. 



Taxonomy: Borgmeier, 1953. Studia Ent. 2: 4. —Borgmeier, 1958. Studia Ent. 1 (n. s.): 

 201-203. 



Biology: Rettenmeyer, 1963. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bui. 44: 424-432 (behavioral studies in Canal 

 Zone; esenbeckii crassicomis (Smith)). 



Morphology: Borgmeier, 1957. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 17: 390 (maxillary and labial palps). 

 esenbeckii wilsoni (Santschi). Extreme s. Tex. to Costa Rica. N. esenbeckii esenbeckii 



(Westwood) is South American. Literature references for esenbeckii (Westwood) and 

 crassicomis (Smith) from Texas pertain to wilsoni. 

 Eciton {Labidits) Esenbecki Wilsoni Santschi, 1919. Soc. Ent. France, Ann. 88: 366. 6. 

 Eciton (Holopone) crassicomis mordax Santschi, 1928. Deut. Ent. Ztschr., p. 415. 5. 



Taxonomy: Wheeler, 1908. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bui. 24: 409 (male). 



Genus NEIVAMYRMEX Borgmeier ^ * 



Eciton subg. Acamatus Emery, 1894. Soc. Ent. Ital., Bol. 26: 181. Preocc. by Schoenherr, 

 1833. 



Type-species: Eciton {Acamatus) schmitti Emery. Desig. by Wheeler, 1911. 

 Eciton subg. Neivamyrmex Borgmeier, 1940. Rev. de Ent. 11: 606. N. name for Acamatiis 



Emery. 

 Woitkowskia Enzmann, 1952. Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc. 59: 443. 



Type-species: Woitkowskia connectens Enzmann. Orig. desig. 



About 115 species are known for this New World genus, but only 23 are found north of Mex- 

 ico. Most species are found in the southwestern states with a few ranging east to the Atlantic 

 coast and as far north as Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa. The species are hypogaeic and are 

 found in the soil under objects, though some have been reported from rotten logs and stumps. 

 Some may carry on their foraging and emigrating activities during daylight, but most are ap- 

 parently nocturnal in their activities. Most colonies have one functional queen, and new colonies 

 are produced by fission. The cyclic pattern of nomadic and statary phases is similar to the tropi- 

 cal species, but in most Nearctic species the activity stops in the autumn and resumes again in 

 the spring. Because many of the species listed below were described from a single caste, future 

 study and caste association may reveal that fewer species actuaUy exist. 



Revision: Smith, 1942. Amer. Midland Nat. 27: 537-590 (U. S. species). —Borgmeier, 1955. 

 Studia Ent. 3: 277-651 (New World species). 



Taxonomy: Borgmeier, 1950. Rev. de Ent. 21: 624. — Watkins, 1971. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 44: 

 93-103 (key to major workers and queens of U. S.). —Watkins, 1972. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 

 45: 347-372 (keys for each caste and distribution of U. S. species). 



Biology: Schneirla, 1958. Insectes Sociaux 5: 215-255 Oast part of fimctional season, s.e. 

 Ariz.). —Schneirla, 1961. Ztschr. f. Tierpsychologie 18: 1-32 (sexual broods and colony 

 division). —Schneirla, 1963. Animal Behaviour 11: 583-595 (spring resurgence of cyclic 

 function, s.e. Ariz.). —Rettenmeyer, 1963. Kans. Univ., Sci. Bui. 44: 433-452 (behavioral 

 studies). —Watkins, 1964. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 37: 22-28 (trail foUowing). —Watkins and 

 Cole, 1966. Tex. Jour. Sci. 18: 254-265 (attraction of workers to secretions of queens). 

 —Watkins, Cole, and Baldridge, 1967. Kans. Ent. Soc., Jour. 40: 146-151 (trail following and 



